Role of Presidents and other Political leaders

1. Role of Presidents and other Political leaders • g/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.hthttp://www.pbs.orml

2. Abraham Lincoln US President • Republican Illinois Elected1860 • Refuse to negotiate with Conf • 'Commander in Chief‘ • Bad initial choices in leaders • Put in more suitable leaders later in War(Grant, Sherman) • Gettysburg Address and Emancipation Proclamation • improved mindset and morale of Union People and troops • Primary objective too Unite Nation • Secondary ending of slavery • Increased War Powers • Ordered blockades • Gave money prior to congress • Ended Habeus corpus • Considered Great War Time Pres

3. Jefferson Davis Confederate 1861 • Democrat Mississippi (senate) • Against secession( went with majority opinion) • Sent Initial peace treaty Lincoln Refused • South pay for Federal lands and any southern Debt • Diplomatic failure getting European Support (Cotton Diplomacy) • NO support NO cotton • 'Commander in Chief‘ • Too Controlling of the war effort • Out of touch with Common People • Mistake fighting too North PA • Considered a weaker War Leader • Arrested for Treason later released

4. US Congress • With out slave states in Union Legislation easy to Pass • 13th amendment- ending slavery • IN Slave holding Border states

5. Effects and results of Civil war

6. End Agreement of the War • Slaves were freed as Union troops entered areas • Appomattox Court House Lee surrenders to Grant April 9th 1865. • Troops to return home if they gave up all weapons • Some confederate officers put on trial for war crimes • All Other Confederate generals agreed to similar terms in surrender • Reunite the Country and completely end slavery via Reconstruction

7. Divided the 11 confederate states into 5 military districts • Military commanders can register voters and hold elections • Write new state constitutions which included • suffrage • Ratify 14th amendment • Abolish peonage( paying debt in labor) • Program to reintegrate 11 confed states in the US with a citizen black population Reconstruction 1863-1877

8. Reconstruction affected political, social, cultural, and economics of the US

9. Political Repercussions of the War->Reconstruction • Debate role Fed gov play in south & steps in bringing back Confed States Republicans Control the South • Blacks were given right to vote Majority in- voted Republican(Only majority 3 states) • Former confederate leaders could not run for office • (Carpet Baggers)- Northerners in South who gained political power (rep)

10. Reconstruction Amendments • 1865 13th-Ended Slavery • 1866 14th- All people born in US Citizens • Deny former confederate officials right hold office • 1869 15th- Prohibit denial of suffrage based on race, color, or from being former slave

11. How did the War and reconstruction change society? • Casualties • Over 600,000 deaths • More died of diseases • Southern Whites • Southern White male population was devastated 18 % population(13-45) • Remained Angry with Reconstruction changes and elevation of Blacks • Created a sense of White Unity Against Blacks • Many poor whites were equally bad economic conditions

12. Changes in African American Society North increased sense of unity to country • Role as veterans and citizen status • Large migration of southern Blacks South enter as US citizens • Able to reunite family members • vote and elect Black officials • Later denied this right • First African American Senators and congressmen • Majority still lived in Poverty- uneducated former slaves

13. Changes in African American Society cont • Schools for Blacks • segregated • Ran by abolitionist or Educated Northern Blacks • Creation of Black Churches • Longest lasting effect • Center of Black community-

14. Post war Economies • Southern lost massive amounts of wealth • Prosperous farm land was destroyed • Wealthy Plantation Owners lost wealth when Slaves (property of Value)became free • Cotton becomes King Again • Share Cropping- 2/3 were Black 1/3 poor Whites • North massive economic Industrial Boom. • Industrial Revolution fueled by European immigrants and Migrant Southern Blacks • Massive source of cheap labor

15. The Reconstruction Backlash • angry Southern Whites • Black Codes- laws denying black s rights • Refusal of Seeing blacks as equals • Formed KKK 1866 • Former Confederate troops • attack Blacks and Liberal Republicans • So much fear in opposition blacks would not vote or demand rights • Force the Federal Gov to send More troops regain order

16. Post Reconstructions • Federal support for reconstruction Ended • Troops pulled out 1877 under President Hayes • Federal support for reconstruction Ended Southern whites regain political and Economic Control • Jim Crow Laws- local and state laws segregation and inequality of Blacks and whites • Blacks were denied basic rights • South stayed deeply divided and unequal until civil rights movement of the 1960’s

17. Good Bad Reconstruction • America was United • All southern states drafted new constitutions • ratified the amendments 13-15 • Civil Rights act of 1866- all born are equal citizens • Civil War and Reconstruction settled the states’ rights vs. federalism debate • As one historian noted, the United States before the Civil War were a country, but the United States after the war was a nation. • Civil Rights Act 1875-end discrimination in social and in public places (not followed) • swift changes in political power in the South rendered most of the legislation passed useless • Removal of federal troops allow Confed and slave owners to regain power • return to the policy of the old South • Southern politicians passed black codes • voter qualifications laws (poll tax, reading test) • Sharecropping system to thrived • Keeping the poor indebted to land owner • northerners tired of Reconstruction • lost interest in supporting black civil rights • black civil liberties and racial equality set aside to put the Union back together

18. Resistance Movements • Soldiers saw themselves as risking their lives for "rich man's war" • In both the North and South, money bought exemption from draft • Desertion -as high as one in three among Union two in three among Confederate

19. North Resistance • conscientious objectors, pacifists and anti-draft rioters held back the war effort • white men resented that army was drafting them and excluded blacks. • Resented fighting to end slavery (after Emancipation Proclamation) • Rioted against African Americans, who they accused of stealing their jobs. • Drafts -affected working class • $300 fee exclude from draft

20. cont • Civil War Draft Riots 1863 New York City – attacked blacks and homes of wealthy over draft • regiments of militia and volunteer troops to control the city. • at least 120 civilians were killed. At least eleven black men were lynched • Many blacks refused to enlist because of the discriminatory pay$7 vs $13 per month,

21. South Resistance • white southerners also refused to support the Confed • Draft 1862 • Wealthy exempted early on • "20 slave law" exempted owned 20 +slaves • Anti-Confederate and anti-war organizations, • draft evaders and deserters were organized & armed • fought -guerrilla warfare, spying for the Union • Three hundred thousand southern whites joined the Union army • 1863, food shortage, Riots , inflation, and strikes • Southern women, in bands of hundreds and thousands, raided, axes in hand, gov depots for food. • Thousands of slaves escape south support Union Forces • Slave owners thought slaves would be loyal

22. Abolition Debate • ABOLITIONIST • Abolition was first challenged by slaves and free blacks • suggestion of deportation • Send them back to Africa , • assumed that black were not citizens • Abolitionism to improve American society • David Walker (Black Author) in his book Appeal • Abolitionist Cited the Bible and Declaration of Independence • believed U.S. was as much home to black people as it was to white people • insisting black people were also Americans- full rights • The slavery question g • Personal liberty • Political community • Book Uncle Toms Cabin brought attention to horrors of slavery PRO SLAVERY • States should choose slave or free • Compromise o f1850 • Fugitive slave act when Southerners began appearing in Northern states to pursue fugitives • People felt end of slavery was a threat to the freedom of white Americans. • Slaves would take their jobs • Abolitionist meetings were broken up, their presses destroyed and congress often refused to receive their petitions

23. The two sides • Confederate Vice-President Alexander Stephens • (Thomas Jefferson's) ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error.... Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition • William Lloyd Garrison, a prominent abolitionist, 1854, he said: I am a believer in that portion of the Declaration of American Independence in which it is set forth, as among self-evident truths, "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Hence, I am an abolitionist. Hence, I cannot but regard oppression in every form—and most of all, that which turns a man into a thing—with indignation and abhorrence.

24. Why was this an issue • Slavery was usually only a political issue when territorial problems arose • Growing fears of labor competition for white workers and farmers because of the growing number of free blacks prompted several northern states to adopt Black Codes • Whether or not slavery would b able to expand westward or not for this affected the balance of power between the north and the south • the whole Missouri wanting to be a state issue