Russell D. Tait Presentation to OGP Sound & Marine Life JIP Tagging Workshop

1. OGP JOINT INDUSTRY PROGRAMME: E&P SOUND AND MARINE LIFEResearch and Development to InformDecision Making, Risk Reduction and Management Russell D. Tait Presentation to OGP Sound & Marine Life JIPTagging Workshop St. Andrews, Scotland March 20, 2007

2. Global Nature of E&P Operations and Sound Issue BowheadMigration / Calving Fisheries Fisheries Bottlenose Habitat Gray Migration / Feeding Sperm Calving / Feeding Gray Migration / Calving Humpback / Sperm / Others Migration / Breeding S. Right / Blue / Humpback Migration / Breeding / Calving

3. Man-made Sound in The Marine Environment • Industry faces this issue on global basis • Operational and access restrictions • Regional issues • Taken up in a number of places and generally concludes that too little is known • Parallel issue: Marine Protected Areas • Scientific basis needed to assess extent of the issue • Assess real risks/ impacts from E&P operations • Evaluate mitigation methods and develop effective options • Input to policy and regulatory decision processes • JIP will address the issue by facilitating acquisition of required information • Rigorous scientific approach • Focus on key questions relevant to E&P Industry • Industry specific and collaborative research identified

4. Behavior Physical Injury Auditory Injury • Receiver • audiogram • demographic • activity • population status • Sound Sources • source level • spectral content • duty cycle • Directivity • Propagation • divergence • attenuation • sea bed effects Behavior Changes IMPACT ? Diving Breathing Vocalization... ? Biological Significance Source – Pathway – Receiver Model OGP JIP will focus on       • Navies • E&P • Construction • Shipping • Other  Mitigation  Research Tools 

5. Phased Approach to AddressE&P Sound and Marine Life Phase 1: • Duration: 4Q 2004 to 1Q 2006 • Members: • BP Chevron ConocoPhillips • ExxonMobil Hydro IAGC • Shell Statoil Total • Assessment of issue, knowledge gaps, research options, model for prioritization Phase 2 / Research Implementation: • Address Research/Scientific gaps • Mitigation and monitoring • 14 E&P Companies • Anadarko, BG Group, BHP Billiton, BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Eni,ExxonMobil, Norsk-Hydro, Santos, Shell, Statoil, Total, Woodside, • 1 Industry Association (IAGC) • Funding • 2006 >US$8M • 2007 ~US$8.3M Uses/Users of Research Results • Companies, Trade Associations, Researchers, JIP Programme Manager • OGP secretariat • OGP/ IAGC Marine Mammal Task Force (advocacy) Complete 3 year commitment initiated May, 2006

6. 2006 Implementation of Prioritised Research Higher Priorities (as a proposal to JIP Phase 2): • Sound characterization methods standardisation and industry sound inventory • Source characterization for seismic exploration and other E&P sound sources • Sound propagation models • Passive Acoustic Monitoring: especially PAMGUARD software development • Understanding biological significance • Animal tagging technology development • Temporary threshold shift in Cetaceans after exposure to repeated pulse sounds from airguns • Sound attenuation technology • Effectiveness of airgun start-up procedures and operational parameters • Behavioural reactions of marine life to E&P sound • Electrophysiological methods to enhance audiogram collection (e.g. Auditory Evoked Potential) Medium & Lower Priority research projects (22 Identified)

7. 2006 Implementation of Prioritised Research cont. Medium priorities (as a proposal to JIP Phase 2): • Develop Measurement Standards for Sound Source Characterization • Beaked Whale Issue: Nitrogen Bubble Formation • Collect and Analyze Marine Mammal Observer (MMO) Data • Alternative Sound Sources and Sound Reduction: Alternate Seismic Exploration • Development and Improvement of Autonomous Buoys for PAM • Epithelial/Hair Cell Damage in Fish Ears • Audiograms – Fish • Anatomical Ear Models of Larger Whale Species (for developing audiograms) • Active Acoustic Monitoring (AAM) • Marine Mammal Observers (MMO) Methods and Effectiveness

8. 1 Sound Source Characterisation Seismic 3-D characterisation Single/Cluster measurement Sound attenuation review Industry sound inventory review 2 Physiological Effects TTS in Odontocetes Blood nitrogen uptake Mysticete hearing 3 Behavioral Reactions & Biological Significance 4 Mitigation & Monitoring PAMGuard Active Acoustic Monitoring Acoustic vector sensor MMO data methods & potential use Silencing technologies review 5 Research Tools Tagging development workshop GPS/Depth Tag field testing 6 Other Conference support Publications support Communication Research Projects Initiated

9. Objectives: Assess the capability of current tags As necessary, support development of tagging technology to provide tools applicable for assessment of interaction of E&P sound and marine life Tagging developments: Record relevant aspects of animal behaviour (breathing, dive profiles, swimming speeds, etc.) Improve tag durability and duration of recording (temporal and data rate) Tag deployment, data transmission and tag recovery Improve battery life Parameters which facilitate a better understanding of biological significance for key species Sound exposure / received levels Field testing and proof-of-concept Animal Tagging Technology Development

10. Population Viability Biological Significance Behavior i Behavior j Behavior k Behavior m T3x T3z Vital Rate Survivorship Reproduction (age-specific) Adult Survival Reproduction T2ax T2bx T2bz T2cz Life Function Migration Feeding Breeding Defense....... Feeding Breeding Resting Migrating T1kb T1ja T1ib T1jc T1kc T1mc T1ia T1jb Behavior Orientation Breathing Vocalization Diving Resting....... NRC PCAD Model Provides Context

11. Exposure of animals will not always be avoidable Assessment of exposure Questionable links between fine scale behavioral effects and higher level effects, especially population level effects Transfer functions will take a long time to develop Will always lead to additional questions that cannot be answered If operations focus on managing risks at the vital rate level, tools are needed to establish effects at the life function level and relate how these could affect reproduction and/or survival How do you assess levels of change in feeding? How long does it take before affected animals resume feeding? How much change in migration route is needed to become consequential to reproduction or survival? What do demographics tell us? What are key biological rates, and how does assessment relate to these? Tagging Developments / Challenges