The United States in the 1840’s

1. The United States in the 1840’s Ms. McCarthy 8th Grade Social Studies

2. 1. Pull Factor 2. Push Factor -Attracts people to move to a place -Forces people to move away from a place

3. A/B Writing:Write, defending the statement you believe to be true. There is no “C” or “both” option! A B The Mormons moved to Utah because of push factors. The Mormons moved to Utah because of pull factors.

5. Manifest Destiny Idea that the united States should expand its territory from the Atlantic to Pacific ocean

6. The Northeast • Industrial Revolution • More factories more jobs more people • 1860: New York City > 800,000 people Philadelphia > 500,000 people

7. Factories • Working Conditions: • In 1840, the average workday was 11.5 hours • HOT because of machines working, no air conditioning • Dangerous because of the new machinery and the willingness of factory operators to allow people (even children) to stick their hands in to fix • No laws regulating working conditions

8. Factories • Unions: • Trade unions – organization of workers of the same trade (job) or skill • Strikes – refusing to work to put pressure on employer to make changes • In most places it was illegal to strike • Massachusetts made it legal to strike in 1842 • Many factory owners refused to hire people belonging to unions

9. Immigration • Irish • About 1.5 million Irish immigrants came to the U.S. between 1846 and 1860 • Reason: potato famine – food shortage • Men: worked in factories or did manual labor – many built the canals and railroads of the North and Midwest • Women: worked in factories or as servants • Settled mainly in Northeast

12. Immigration • German • About 1 million immigrated to U.S. between 1848 and 1860 • Reasons: economic opportunity and because of the Revolution of 1848 (March Revolution) • They had more money than the Irish, so they took better jobs and made more profit in the U.S. • Settled in the Mid-Atlantic and Great Lakes regions

13. Nativists • Most immigrants before 1840 were English or African • Some Americans did not want the new immigrants in the U.S. • Blamed disease and crime in the cities on immigrants • Did not believe in Catholic religion (Irish= Catholic) • Formed political party called the “Know Nothings”

14. Ticket Out • Define the three types of white Southern farmers. • Has your conception (picture) of the American South changed at all? How? Or, why not?

15. Conditions of Slavery • Read the statements about slavery, and highlight one from each section that makes you think.

20. Conditions of Slavery • Slaves lived in small cabins with dirt floors • Most slaves had families, but those families were not recognized by law • 1808- Slave trade outlawed • After, all new slaves born as slaves in U.S. • Kept some of culture – music, clothing, dance • Many became Christian b/c message about heaven

21. Slave Codes • Laws that aimed to limit rebellion • They made it illegal for: • Anyone to teach a slave to read or write • Slaves to meet in large groups • Slaves to leave a master’s property without written permission

22. Human Rights • rights that are considered universal to humanity, regardless of citizenship, residency status, ethnicity, gender, or other considerations. Civil Rights • rights guaranteed to U.S. citizens and residents by legislation and by the Constitution

23. Abolition • abolitionists - people who worked to abolish, or _____, slavery

24. American Colonization Society • Virginia 1816 • Bought slaves to free them • Intention to send them to colonize another land • 1822 began sending groups to settle in Liberia • 1847 Liberia became an independent country • Between 1822 and 1860 roughly 12,000 to 20,000 people went to Liberia • Did NOT limit slavery

26. William Lloyd Garrison • From Massachusetts, went to Baltimore • The Liberator was his anti-slavery newspaper • One of the first whites to totally denounce slavery • Garrison started these anti-slavery groups: • 1832 - New England Anti-Slavery Society • 1833- American Anti-Slavery Society • In 1838, Garrison's anti-slavery societies had more than 1,000 chapters (local branches)

28. Grimke Sisters • Sarah and Angelina • Born in South Carolina on a plantation • Witnessed slavery firsthand • Moved to Philadelphia in 1832 • Convinced mother to leave them slaves as their inheritance • sisters freed the slaves

29. Angelina and her husband Theodore Weld • Wrote American Slavery As It Is in 1839 • Collection of first-hand stories of slavery • Very Influential

30. Frederick Douglass • Runaway slave from Maryland • Settled in Massachusetts • Finally settled in New York • As a runaway, he could have been captured and returned to his master at any time • Self-taught: reading, writing • Began the Massachusetts Anti-slavery Society • Had an anti-slavery news paper called the Northstar • Bought his freedom in 1847 • Travelled to London and the West Indies to speak out against slavery

32. Southern Opposition to Abolition - It threatened their way of life - slave labor made the South wealthy - whites in the South very cultured as a result - Argument that slave owners treated slaves better than factory owners treated wage workers - Racism - many whites thought they were superior to Africans

33. Northern Opposition to Abolition - Argument that African Americans would never become part of the rest of society - Worry that free African Americans would take jobs -1830s - mob tried to hang William Lloyd Garrison -Abolitionist in Illinois, Lovejoy, was killed by a mob -his newspaper press was set on fire, then he was shot as he tried to escape

34. Look Familiar?What is this quote? We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

35. Women’s Movement Groups of people with the aim to increase women’s rights in the United States.

36. Lucretia Mott • Quaker • Lectured on temperance (prohibiting alcohol), peace, workers' rights, and abolition • Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society

37. Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Met Lucretia Mott in London • Wanted women's suffrage - the ability to vote

38. Seneca Falls Convention • 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY • First Women's Rights Convention • 200 women and 40 men attended • Called for: • end to laws that discriminated against women • allow women in all-male trades • suffrage • Suffrage: Mott thought it was too radical; Stanton and Frederick Douglass pushed for it to be included in the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions • The Declaration included women's suffrage

40. Susan B. Anthony • Daughter of Quaker abolitionist • For: women's rights and temperance • For: college for women, coeducation, and equal pay • 1851 met Stanton, they worked together from then on

42. Accomplishments • Wyoming - 1st state to allow women to vote in 1890 • 19th Amendment to the Constitution (women’s right to vote) 1920 • New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Mississippi, Wisconsin, and California -recognized a woman's right to own property • Some states allowed guardianship of children to women • Indiana -1st state to allow a woman to apply for a divorce • only if the husband was an alcoholic