The Chemical Context of Life

The Chemical Context of Life Image by Riedell KEY CONCEPTS: 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds. 2.2 An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms 2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds.

Video 1 Video 1 Atomic Structure 2A • Click the image to play the video segment.

Atoms are the ________________: basic unit of MATTER PROTONS (+) ______________ ______________ are found ______________ ______________ ___________________ in ____________________ NEUTRONS in NUCLEUS ELECTRONS (-) orbit outside nucleus energy levels Animation from: http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif

NUMBERS Atoms differ in __________ of _______, ________,& _______ PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm

gained or lost electrons + electric charge Na Atoms that have _________________ have an_____________ andare called__________ They are writtenwith a + or –next to theirsymbol IONS - Cl

Atoms/ions important for living things Used to make bigger molecules Ions = electrically charged atoms Carbon - C • ____________ • ____________ • ____________ • ____________ • ____________ • ____________ • ____________ • ____________ • ____________ • ____________ • ____________ Sodium – Na+ Oxygen - O Chloride – Cl- Hydrogen - H Potassium – K+ Nitrogen - N Calcium – Ca++ Sulfur - S Hydrogen – H+ Phosphorus - P

Hydrogen Ions (H+) http://www.guardiantrader.com/images/ph_scale.gif H+ The number of ____ ions determines how _______ a solution will be. acidic More H+ = more acidic

JOIN ATOMS CAN ______TOGETHER TO _____________________ MAKE MOLECULES Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGENatoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes one ______ molecule. WATER what kind chemical formula A _______________ tells _________ of and __________ atoms are in a molecule EX: ________ how many H2O http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.html

VERY, VERY LARGE MOLECULES = ____________________ MACROMOLECULES EXAMPLE: Insulin = C254 H377 N65 O76 S6 Image from: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page2.html

MOLECULES CAN BE SHOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS Water molecule: http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.html H2O Other Images by: Riedell

Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Polar Molecules Because of the location of electrons in molecules, some molecules have an _________ pattern of ____________________ More ___ on one side; More ___ on the other EX: water UNEVEN electric charge + - Bending water video More about this in Chapter 7

HYDROGEN BONDS Bonds that form between the_________ charged _____________ in one molecule and a __________ charged _________ in a nearby molecule are called _________________ positively HYDROGEN atom negatively Oxygen atom HYDROGEN BONDS EX: water molecules are held together by Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bond animation Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

“Like dissolves like” HYDROPHILIC ____________________ means “water loving” _________ molecules try to _________ and touch water or ______________ molecules POLAR be near other polar Water makes a great solvent in living things because so many molecules found in living things are polar or have a charge. http://www.makash.ac.il/h_school/hst/hstsb/chem/luach/dissolve.jpg

_________ is the most important atom found in living things CARBON four It can join to _______ other atoms at same time It can form ______ or _____ so it can make lots of different kinds of molecules. chains rings Images from: http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/chemhydrocarbon.htm

http://www.mrbigler.com/Chem1-C1/topics/vsepr/VSEPR_files/image002.gifhttp://www.mrbigler.com/Chem1-C1/topics/vsepr/VSEPR_files/image002.gif __________ moleculesare found __________ and _____________ atoms Methane (CH4) is non polar. ORGANIC in living things contain CARBON http://biologyjunction.com/organic_model_project_bi.htm

http://egullet.com/imgs/egci/nonstocksauce/nons1.JPG “Like dissolves like” HYDROPHOBIC _________________ means “water fearing” ___________ groups/molecules try to _________ other __________ molecules and __________ ________ molecules NON-polar be near NON-polar polar away from Oil based paints dissolve in solvents such as turpentine . . . not water.

EX: PHOSPHOLIPIDS The same molecule can have bothPOLAR and NON-POLARparts Polar head NON-polartails More about this in Chapter 7 Image by Riedell

http://mchi.mcallenisd.org/mchi/site/hosting/ipc/ipc/ipcch23htm/ipcch23sec2.htmhttp://mchi.mcallenisd.org/mchi/site/hosting/ipc/ipc/ipcch23htm/ipcch23sec2.htm “Like dissolves like” SOAP ______ works because it has a _____________ that dissolves _______ and a __________ that dissolves in _____ to wash away oily dirt. grease NON-polar end Polar end water

WATER is important for all living things Average person ~~ 60-70% water Babies ~~ 78% Human brain ~~90% Image from: http://sjr.state.fl.us/programs/outreach/pubs/irl_update/images/water_glass.jpg

WHY Water is important to cells: POLAR DISSOLVE 1. It’s __________ so it can ____________ lots of different substances. 2. It can _________ lots of ______ _______________________________ very much. (That helps with _________________) 3. ____________________ form between water molecules so they stick together. 4.Water is an important ___________________ in many CHEMICAL REACTIONS. absorb HEAT WITHOUT changing temperature HOMEOSTASIS HYDROGEN BONDS REACTANT/PRODUCT

2.2 Energy Acquire materials and energy The abililty to do work All living things_________________________ Energy is _____________________ Energy is needed to perform all life functions. The ultimate source of energy on earth is the __________ Energy can be ____________ from one form into another. EX. ___________________ energy is converted into chemical energy in photosynthesis. Sun converted Light (electromagnetic)

REMEMBER:ALL the chemical reactions that happen in cells = _____________ METABOLISM join Chemical reactions can _____ molecules together. Chemical reactions can ______ molecules apart. break

In chemical reactions, _________ (between molecules) are broken, _____ are rearranged and new bonds are _______. bonds Atoms Formed When chemical bonds break, _______ is released. When new bonds are made, energy is ______. energy stored

A chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20 _______________ ________________ Molecules that react Molecules that are produced → REACTANTS PRODUCTS Image by RIedell

One way to join molecules to make a bigger molecule is by ________ a _______ molecule to make a bond. = ____________________ reaction removing WATER dehydration synthesis http://video.lonestar.edu/media/nhscience/dehydrat/dehydrat.html http://www.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/reaction_types.html See an animation http://resource.rockyview.ab.ca/t4t/bio20/mm/m7/hydrolysis/Bio20_Hydrolysis_Final.swf

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS“dehydration” “synthesis” =_____________ _____________ water loss put parts together http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/macromol/sld003.htm http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

POLYMERIZATION _________________ is a ________________ reaction in whichmany _____________ thatare ________ join to make a bigger molecule These small units arecalled ______________ The big molecule theymake is called a _____________ kind of synthesis small subunits similar MONOMERS POLYMER Image by RIedell

EXAMPLE: _________ subunits (A,T,G,C) join together to make a _____ molecule Nucleotide DNA http://www.freewebs.com/genetics37/genetics101.htm

Chemical reactions can also ________ molecules apart. ______________ = kind of chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by addinga________ molecule. “_____” = water “_____” = break apart break HYDROLYSIS WATER hydro lysis See an animation http://video.lonestar.edu/media/nhscience/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

opposite HYDROLYSIS is the _________ of DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS. Adding a water molecule breaks the bond. http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html ATP is the energy molecule used by all cells. Breaking a bond using hydrolysis is the way ENERGY is released. More on this is Chapters 7, 8,& 9

use BOTH Living things _______ of these kinds of _______ (and MORE) to get the _______they need. reactions materials http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif

The Chemical Context of Life