Pre-Columbian Societies

1. You will read and STUDY about Pre-Columbian Societies • Early inhabitants of the Americas • American Indians, Empires in Mesoamerica, the Southwest, & the Mississippi Valley • American Indian cultures of North America at the time of European contact Chapter 1 About 35,000 years ago, the first discoverers of America were small bands of hunters who crossed a temporary land bridge from Siberia. They developed a great variety of societies based on cornagriculture and hunting. The IMPETUS (push, force, forward motion) for European exploration came from a desire for NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE EAST &technological discoveries of the RENAISSANCE ERA. BIOLOGICAL CHANGE (COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE), population loss, conquest, African slavery, cultural change and economic expansion were just some of the consequences (results) of the inter-mingling of the two ECOSYSTEMS(environments).

2. MOCTEZUMA II – Aztec ruler who was defeated by Cortes invasion of Mexico. He was devoted to HUITZILPOCHTLI, but also came under the influence of astrologers….. their pessimistic (negative, gloomy) predictions about his fate (future, destiny) weakened his will to resist the Spanish invaders. ESSAY TEST QUESTION: Be sure you can asnwer this question in Essay Form for the CHAPTER TEST. What role did disease and forced labor (including slaves) play in the early settlement of the Americas?…. Is the view of the Spanish and Portuguese as HARSH CONQUERORS AND EXPLOITERS VALID – or is this image just another version of the English “BLACK LEGEND” concerning the Spanish role in the Americas?

3. Essay Answer Format 1st Paragraph Introduction of Topic Underline your THESIS STATEMENT (last sentence of the 1st paragraph) 2ND Paragraph Support of 1st item in your Thesis Statement 3rd Paragraph Support of 2nd item in your Thesis Statement 4th Paragraph Support of 3rd item in your Thesis Statement 5th Paragraph Conclusion Summarize your ideas Last paragraph – re-state your THESIS STATEMENT and how, why you proved/supported it.

4. THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE • Ancient Cultures arrived about via a land bridge called the____________ • Earliest settlers were hunters & gatherers • Agriculture thrived starting about 5,000 years ago • Some Natives remained Nomadic • Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies flourished BERING STRAIT

5. What group of Indians offered human sacrifices to the Gods? The AZTECS – cutting out the hearts of living victims – often prisoners caught in Battle. AZTEC CANNIBALISM

6. To RevieW & ExPanD SPANISH NORTH AMERICA • So, Columbus, an Italian navigator crosses the Atlantic; in October of 1492 and lands in San Salvador (“Holy Savior”) • He spent about 3 months exploring Islands in the Bahamas • Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor:Plantation System • Disease devastated Native population What Bus crossed the Atlantic?

7. What was introduced in 1450, that spread SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE during the Renaissance? The Printing Press, the Gutenberg Printing Press

8. The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchangewas a series of interchanges that permanently changed the world’s ecosystems and changed nearly every culture around the world. Native Americans taught Europeans local farming methods & introduced new crops & foods like corn, tobacco, and the potato. Europeans introduced the Native Americans to crops such as wheat, oats and barley and to DOMESTIC livestock. In addition, Europeans brought diseases that killed millions of Native Americans because they lacked IMMUNITY to the diseases.

9. The Columbian Exchange

10. The Columbian Exchange

11. To R E V I E W EUROPEAN EXPLORATION • The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and Glory • Improved mapmaking, ___________,better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes, Prince Henry– all led to better exploration cartography Astrolabe – uses the position of the sun to determine direction, latitude, and local time. Cartography = map making

12. IMPACT OF COLUMBUS • On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million Africans taken • On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history started • On Trade-Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents

13. SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE • Spanish explorers (Conquistadors)seized much of the Americas • Cortesconquered the Aztecs in Mexico • Pizzaroconquered the Incas in Peru • Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System Encomenderos were granted control over Native American towns. Conquistadors = Encomenderos

14. Who was MALINCHE? Female Indian slave rescued by Cortes in 1519. She knew the MAYAN language and NAHUATL Language (AZTEC Language)

15. What GOD did Montezuma believe Cortes to be? The GOD QUETZALCOATL.

16. Who was the Conqueror of Mexico? Hernan Cortes

17. "La Malinche." Slave, interpreter, secretary, mistress, mother of the first "Mexican."her very name still stirs up controversy. Many Mexicans continue to revile the woman called Doña Marina by the Spaniards and La Malinche by the Aztecs, labeling her a traitor and harlot for her role as the alter-ego of Cortes as he conquered Mexico. They ignore that she saved thousands of Indian lives by enabling Cortes to negotiate rather than slaughter. Her ability to communicate also enabled the Spaniards to introduce Christianity and attempt to end human sacrifice and cannibalism. Herself a convert, baptized Marina, she was an eloquent advocate for her new faith.

19. Who was the Franciscan Missionary who settled California? Father Junipero Sierra - founded the 1st California mission at San Diego

20. True or False 29. ___ The geography of the North American continent was fundamentally shaped by the glaciers of the Great Ice Age. 30.___ North America was first settled by people who came by boat across the waters of the Berring Straight from Japan to Alaska. 31.___ The early Indian civilizations of Mexico & Peru were built on the economic foundations of cattle and wheat growing. 32.___ The greatest effect of the European intrusion on the Indians of the Americas was to increase their population through intermarriage with the whites. 33.___ A primary motive for the European voyages of discovery was the desire to find a less expensive & shorter route to Asian goods & markets. 34.___ The Spanish conquistadores had little to do with the native peoples of Mexico and refused to intermarry with them. 35.___ The province of New Mexico was first settled by French colonizers . 36.___ The belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good is called the Black Legend. 37.___ The primary early colonial competitor with Spain in the New World was England. T F (Bering Strait) Alaska - Russia F (corn/nomadic herding) F (disease) T F F T F (it was Portugal)

21. Matching People, Places & Events ___38. Inland sea left by melting glaciers whose remnant is the Great Salt Lake ___39. Female Indian slave who served as interpreter for Cortes ___40. Franciscan missionary who settled California ___41. Founded in 1565, the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States territory ___42. Wealthy capital of the Aztec empire ___43. Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors ___44. Exposure of a “land bridge” between Asia & North American ___45. Italian-born navigator sent by English to explore the North American coast in 1498 ___46. Spanish conquerors of great Indian ___47. Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederacy J A. John Cabot B. Quetzalcoatl C. Cortes & Pizarro D. Malinche E. Hiawatha F. Great Ice Age G. St. Augustine I. Jamestown J. Lake Bonneville K. Junipero Serra L. Montezuma M. Tenochtitla D K G M L F A C n E

22. What was the name of the AZTEC capital? TENOCHTITLAN

23. Which of the following is one of main factors in in deciding where railroads tracks are built? A. Tree lines B. Hiking trails C. Location of Markets D. Location of reservoirs C Bonus Question