Globalization

1. Globalization

2. Globalization • Globalization is the movement and integration of goods and people among different countries. • Globalization is driven by international trade and aided by information technology.

3. History of Globalization • Ancient Greek culture, for instance, spread across much of southwestern Asia, northern Africa, and southern Europe • Alexander the Great – cities named after him are found in Iraq (Iskandariya), Egypt (Alexandria), and Turkey (Alexandria Troas). The Silk Road, a trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea The globalization of Christianity spread from Europe to Latin America through Christian missionaries Globalization was accelerated in the nineteenth century with the Industrial Revolution India supplied cotton to Britain Globalization spred up dramatically in the twentieth century with the proliferation of air travel, the expansion of free trade, and the dawn of the Information Age.

4. Globalization • In groups discuss possible pros and cons of globalization for developed and developing countries.

5. Impact of Globalization • Economy • Environment • Culture • Human Rights

6. Globalization: Pros & ConsExamples • China: Reform led to the largest poverty reduction in history. Between 1990 and 2005, poverty rates in the country fell from 60% to 16%, leaving 475 million fewer people in poverty. • India: Cut its poverty rate in half in the past two decades. • Uganda: Poverty fell 40% during the 1990s and school enrollments doubled. • Vietnam: Surveys of the country's poorest households show 98% of people improved their living conditions in the 1990s.

7. Globalization: Pros & ConsExamples • Many countries in Africa have failed to share in the gains of globalization. Their exports have remained confined to a narrow range of primary commodities. • Over the last few years, there have been protests about the effects of globalization in the United States and Europe.

8. 8 Globalization - main terms • Outsourcing - 11 min http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/insiders-say-canada-scammed-by-foreign-worker-industry-1.1358803 • Offshore – 3-5 min http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/massive-data-leak-exposes-offshore-financial-secrets-1.1308970 • Offshore - In financial language, the term “offshore” is used metaphorically to describe any business or investment made outside the country of residence. Source: http://www.taxhavensguide.com/offshore.php

9. Government arrangements • Tariff-free or foreign trade zones • http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/budget/a-tariff-free-zone-for-manufacturers/article4308841/ article • While there is no precise definition of what constitutes a foreign trade zone (FTZ), the term generally refers to a specific location within a country that is officially designated for eligibility for tariff and tax exemptions with respect to the purchase or importation of raw materials, components or finished goods. Such materials and goods can generally be stored, processed or assembled in the FTZ for re-export (in which case taxes and duties generally would not apply) or for entry into the domestic market (in which case taxes and duties would be deferred until the time of entry). • Source: http://www.fin.gc.ca/ftz-zf/index-eng.asp

10. Tariff free zone • http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/budget/a-tariff-free-zone-for-manufacturers/article4308841/ • The Harper government is offering $300-million in cost cuts for Canadian manufacturers by reducing tariffs on a wide range of imports used in production. 2010

11. Maquilas • Today is used to describe factories that employ sweatshop labor from Central America to the Far East. • Original maquiladoras were set up along the U.S.-Mexico border more than 20 years ago by U.S. (and later other) multinational corporations seeking lower labor costs. • Companies were exempt from local taxation.

12. Key International Organizations • World Trade Organization http://www.wto.org • International Monetary Fund – IMF - http://www.imf.org/external/about/overview.htm • World Health Organization – www.wto.org • UN Environment Program - http://www.unep.org • International Labour Organization - www.ilo.org • World Food Program - (poverty) http://www.wfp.org • UNICEF Rights of the children http://www.unicef.org/crc/ • IOM - http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home.html

13. Environmental standards • Canada - • WTO - environmental agreements http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey2_e.htm • MEAs - multilateral environmental agreements http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_neg_mea_e.htm • UN Environment Program - http://www.unep.org

14. Key International Agencies • International Monetary Fund - IMF • http://www.imf.org/external/about/overview.htm • Key activities: • Surveillance - http://www.imf.org/external/about/econsurv.htm • Technical support - http://www.imf.org/external/about/techasst.htm • Lending - http://www.imf.org/external/about/lending.htm

15. Key International Agencies • International Labour Organization • www.ilo.org • http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/multimedia/features/malawi/lang--en/index.htm • child labour • fire prevention education http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/multimedia/video/public-service-announcements/WCMS_213768/lang--en/index.htm

16. Key International Agencies • World Health Organization • Mission • Example - Syrian Arab Republic: put polio risk above all other interests • http://www.who.int/features/2013/syria-polio-vaccination/en/index.html

17. Key International Agencies • World Food Program - (poverty) http://www.wfp.org • Water Privatization • http://www.ifg.org/pdf/cancun/issues-WTOwater.pdf • video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANsBNc3os6c&list=PL2F48F357164DBD7E&index=13 • slide/video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gydWrqw8GKk&list=PL2F48F357164DBD7E&index=10