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Carbohydrates

Explore the significance of carbohydrates, from being the metabolic precursors to key cell components. Learn about monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides like starch and glycogen. Delve into the structural roles and functions of diverse carbohydrate classes.

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Carbohydrates

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  1. Lecture 15. Carbohydrates 1 Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1 Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1 Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1 Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1 Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1 Lecture 1. Introduction to Biochemistry 1 Carbohydrates • most abundant organic molecules in nature

  2. IMPORTANCE • Photosynthesis stores energy in carbohydrates; • Carbohydrates are the metabolic precursors of all other biomolecules; • Important component of cell structures; • Important function in cell-cell recognition;

  3. Carbohydrate Classes • Monosaccharide • Simple sugars, can not be broken down further; • general formula (CH2O)n • Examples

  4. Alpha vs Beta glucose

  5. Can be • Aldoses • Contain aldehyde • Ketoses • Contain ketones

  6. Disaccharide - two sugars • formed by dehydration synthesis

  7. glucose + fructose  sucrose + water table sugar • glucose +galactose  lactose + water milk sugar • glucose + glucose  maltose + water malt sugar

  8. Lecture 15. Carbohydrates 8 Carbohydrate Classes • Disaccharides • Simplest oligosaccharides; • Contain two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond;

  9. Oligiosaccharide • short chain 3 -10 monomers long • Identification on cells

  10. Carbohydrate Classes • Polysaccharides • Polymers of monosaccharides

  11. Lecture 15. Carbohydrates 11 Polysacchrides • Starch and glycogen are storage molecules; • Chitin and cellulose are structural molecules; • Cell surface polysaccharides are recognition molecules.

  12. Lecture 15. Carbohydrates 12 Polysacchrides • Glucose is the monosaccharides of the following polysacchrides with different linkages and banches • a(1,4), starch (more branch) • a(1,4), glycogen (less branch) • b(1,4), cellulose (cell walls of all plants) • b(1,4), Chitin similar to cellulose, but C2-OH is replaced by –NHCOCH3 (found in exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, spiders)

  13. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide - glycogen • many glucose units in a branching pattern • liver and skeletal muscle are good sources • hormone insulin stimulates glycogen production (glycogenesis) • hormone glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) • glycogen is found in animal cells as an inclusion

  14. Carbohydrates • Starches are complex carbohydrates, often two polysaccharide chains • plants make starches, including the indigestible cellulose • examples - wheat, rice, corn, potato, cassava, rye, barley

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