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Carbohydrates

Lecture 15. Carbohydrates 1. Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1. Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1. Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1.

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Carbohydrates

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  1. Lecture 15. Carbohydrates 1 Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1 Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1 Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1 Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1 Lecture 14. Subunit Interactions and Quaternary Structure 1 Lecture 1. Introduction to Biochemistry 1 Carbohydrates • most abundant organic molecules in nature

  2. IMPORTANCE • Photosynthesis stores energy in carbohydrates; • Carbohydrates are the metabolic precursors of all other biomolecules; • Important component of cell structures; • Important function in cell-cell recognition;

  3. Carbohydrate Classes • Monosaccharide • Simple sugars, can not be broken down further; • general formula (CH2O)n • Examples

  4. Alpha vs Beta glucose

  5. Can be • Aldoses • Contain aldehyde • Ketoses • Contain ketones

  6. Disaccharide - two sugars • formed by dehydration synthesis

  7. glucose + fructose  sucrose + water table sugar • glucose +galactose  lactose + water milk sugar • glucose + glucose  maltose + water malt sugar

  8. Lecture 15. Carbohydrates 8 Carbohydrate Classes • Disaccharides • Simplest oligosaccharides; • Contain two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond;

  9. Oligiosaccharide • short chain 3 -10 monomers long • Identification on cells

  10. Carbohydrate Classes • Polysaccharides • Polymers of monosaccharides

  11. Lecture 15. Carbohydrates 11 Polysacchrides • Starch and glycogen are storage molecules; • Chitin and cellulose are structural molecules; • Cell surface polysaccharides are recognition molecules.

  12. Lecture 15. Carbohydrates 12 Polysacchrides • Glucose is the monosaccharides of the following polysacchrides with different linkages and banches • a(1,4), starch (more branch) • a(1,4), glycogen (less branch) • b(1,4), cellulose (cell walls of all plants) • b(1,4), Chitin similar to cellulose, but C2-OH is replaced by –NHCOCH3 (found in exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, spiders)

  13. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide - glycogen • many glucose units in a branching pattern • liver and skeletal muscle are good sources • hormone insulin stimulates glycogen production (glycogenesis) • hormone glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) • glycogen is found in animal cells as an inclusion

  14. Carbohydrates • Starches are complex carbohydrates, often two polysaccharide chains • plants make starches, including the indigestible cellulose • examples - wheat, rice, corn, potato, cassava, rye, barley

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