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From FRBR to FRBR OO through CIDOC CRM…

International Symposium on the Future of Information Organization Research October 4-5, 2010, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. From FRBR to FRBR OO through CIDOC CRM…. A Common Ontology for Cultural Heritage Information Patrick Le Bœuf, National Library of France. I. Background.

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From FRBR to FRBR OO through CIDOC CRM…

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  1. International Symposium on the Future of Information Organization Research October 4-5, 2010, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan From FRBR to FRBROOthrough CIDOC CRM… A Common Ontologyfor Cultural Heritage Information Patrick Le Bœuf, National Library of France

  2. I. Background

  3. 1991-1997IFLADevelopment of a conceptual model for bibliographic information: FRBR 1996ICOM CIDOCDevelopment of a conceptual model for museum information: CIDOC CRM 1990s: 2 simultaneous processes

  4. FRBR • “Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records” • An entity-relationship (ER) model • Primary goals: • explain the content of library catalogs, • provide a scientific basis for simplified cataloging • Environment: highly standardized, relatively homogeneous (ISBD, MARC) • Models products, not processes • Chinese translation: <http://www.ifla.org/files/cataloguing/frbr/frbr-zh.pdf>

  5. CIDOC CRM • “Conceptual Reference Model” • An object-oriented (OO) model • Primary goal: • enable information exchange and integration between heterogeneous sources of cultural heritage information • Environment: relatively heterogeneous • Models processes resulting in products, along with products • Chinese translation: should be available by the end of October 2010 (Heritage Conservation Center of the National Heritage Board of Singapore)

  6. Cultural heritage information • Both libraries and museums record, manage and publish cultural heritage information • Borders can be blurred (art prints…) • Why not bring both models together?...

  7. Semantic Web, Linked Data… • The Web has evolved: • Express data as RDF statements • Relate data to ontologies • Increases the interest in developing a common ontology for library and museum information

  8. A cross-domain effort • 2003: Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonization • Members from both communities • Goal: rephrase FRBR as an extension to CIDOC CRM • using same methodology as CIDOC CRM • reusing basic structures from CIDOC CRM • occasionally modifying CIDOC CRM • 2009: publication of FRBROO version 1.0

  9. Main features of FRBR (1/3) • Her book was read throughout the world • Her book is in Chinese • I ordered that book • The book is on the bookshelf Work is realized through Expression is embodied in Manifestation is exemplified by Item

  10. Person Corporate Body Main features of FRBR (2/3) Work is realized through created Expression realized is embodied in produced Manifestation owns is exemplified by Item

  11. Concept Place Event Object Main features of FRBR (3/3) is about Work is realized through created Expression Person realized is embodied in produced Manifestation Corporate Body owns is exemplified by Item

  12. serves to categorize any of identifies any of Main features of CIDOC CRM E55 Type E28 Conceptual Object E39 Actor E18 Physical Thing affects E5 Event took part in E41 Appellation E7 Activity occurred at some time during occurred in E53 Place E52 Time-Span

  13. Main activities in CIDOC CRM P11 had participant(participated in) E7 Activity E39 Actor P14 carried out by(performed) E65 Creation E11 Modification (etc.) E12 Production World of ideas PhysicalWorld

  14. Dates in CIDOC CRM E7 Activity P4 has time-span(is time-span of) E52 Time-Span P78 is identified by(identifies) E49 TimeAppellation e.g.: Ming Dynasty 明朝 E50 Date e.g.: 1368-1644

  15. II. How to read,understand, and use FRBROO <http://www.cidoc-crm.org/frbr_drafts.html>

  16. The ingredients of FRBROO • Classes, identified by: • a code, e.g. F1 • a name, e.g. Work •  F1 Work • Properties, identified by: • a code, e.g. R2 • a name, e.g. is derivative of (has derivative) •  F1 Work R2 is derivative of (has derivative) F1 Work • Names are not sufficient – read the scope notes! • No “attributes” – only “properties” between and among classes

  17. F1 Work: a sum of concepts F2 Expression: a sum of signs 3 meanings for “Work”: all concepts conveyed by each individual Expression:F14 Individual Work all concepts common to various Expressions and serving to identify “bibliographic families”:F15 Complex Work the concept of adding something to Expressions (e.g. by aggregating them):F16 Container Work Sharper definitions than in FRBR

  18. FRBRER:Manifestation = “the physical embodiment of an expression of a work”; a single physical exemplar or a set of multiple copies ambiguous definition! physical or abstract? FRBROO:Manifestation was split into: F3 Manifestation Product Type = an abstract “type” exemplified by “identical” physical copies F4 Manifestation Singleton = a unique physical carrier (manuscript, painting, master recording…) Sharper definitions than in FRBR

  19. From processes to products (1/2) E7 Activity E65 Creation E12 Production (of conceptual things) (of physical things) F27 WorkConception F28 ExpressionCreation F32 CarrierProduction Event = Having the initial idea for a Work = Simultaneously creating a new Expression and producing a unique carrier for that Expression = Producing Items (copies of a publication)

  20. From processes to products (2/2) F32 CarrierProduction Event F27 WorkConception F28 ExpressionCreation R28 produced(was produced by) F30 PublicationEvent R16 initiated(was initiated by) R17 created(was created by) F1 Work F2 Expression F3 ManifestationProduct Type R24 created (wascreated through) R7 is example of(has example) R14 incorporates(is incorporated in) F24 PublicationExpression R6 carries(is carried by) F5 Item

  21. Example: Calligraphy R17 created(was created by) F22 Self-ContainedExpression F28 ExpressionCreation instance = also an instance of: R14 incorporates(is incorporated in) P14 carried out by(performed) E33 LinguisticObject E39 Actor F22 Self-ContainedExpression (The author, emperor Qianlong 乾隆 ) R3 is realized in(realizes) R14 incorporates(is incorporated in) (The calligrapher, Wang Youdun 汪由敦 ) E39 Actor F16 ContainerWork F22 Self-ContainedExpression P14 carried out by(performed) R17 created (wascreated by) instance = also an instance of: F28 ExpressionCreation E38 Image

  22. How FRBROO can be used • FRBROO can be used: • to store bibliographic information in the form of RDF triples available for Semantic Web applications • to integrate bibliographic information in mediation systems, where it can be used along other information sources

  23. Some people who expressed their interest for FRBROO: • The European project CASPAR (Cultural, Artistic and Scientific knowledge for Preservation, Access and Retrieval): http://www.icsrim.org.uk/caspar • The Perseus Digital Library, e.g. http://www.fragmentarytexts.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Fragmentary-texts-Ontologies.pdf • The TEI Ontologies Special Interest Group: http://wiki.tei-c.org/index.php/SIG:Ontologies • ArcheoInf (Informationzsentrum für die Archäologie): http://www.archeoinf.de/veranstaltungen/beiratstreffen-am-30102008/dokumentenrepositorium • etc. (e.g. http://www.ifla.org/files/hq/papers/ifla76/93-forster-zh.pdf)

  24. III. By way of conclusion

  25. Cultural biasesin conceptual modeling? • CIDOC CRM and FRBROO are introduced as “universal” conceptual models • However, they are just another Western product: how do they fit Asian conceptions? • Is the notion of “Work” as defined in FRBROO satisfying according to Chinese thought? • Is such a conceptualization as FRBROO acceptable in non-Western environments?

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