A.P. EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. A.P. EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW QUESTIONS

2. QUESTION #7 • “ A prince therefore who desires to maintain himself must learn to be not always good, so or not as necessity may require.” This statement is typical of the writings of which of the following? • A. Castiglione • B. Erasmus • C. Machiavelli • D. Petrarch • E. Bocaccio

3. Answer to #7 • C. Machiavelli – Hint: “A prince…”

4. Question #2 • On the issue of salvation, Martin Luther differed from the Catholic Church in that he believed • A. salvation was obtained through good works alone • B. Salvation was obtained through good works and faith • C. salvation was predetermined by God • D. salvation was available only through the Church • E. salvation could be obtained by faith alone

5. Answer #2 • E. salvation could be obtained through faith alone - Martin believed that there was nothing man could do to EARN God’s grace.

6. Question #3 • King Louis XIV of France provides perhaps the best example of the form of government known as • A. despotism • B. absolutism • C. constitutional monarchy • D. fascism • E. representative democracy

7. Answer #3 • B. absolutism – Louis XIV controlled state’s religion (catholic), the economy, permanent standing army for many wars , claimed rule by divine right, ordered nobility to live @ Versailles

8. Question #4 • The intellectuals that dominated the thought of the Enlightenment were known as • A. scholastic • B. philosophes • C. Encycopedie • D. Romantics • E. empiricists

9. Answer #4 • B – philosophes – Enlightenment began in France and philosophe is French for philosopher

10. Question #5 • The event that triggered the outbreak of World War I was A. Germany’s return to unrestricted submarine warfare B. the collapse of the Three Emperor’s League C. the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand D. imperialism E. failure of the Treaty of Versailles

11. Answer #5 • C. the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand – June 28, 1914 – Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Ferdinand. Austria presented Serbia with ultimatum, and invaded when Serbia let it lapse.

12. Question #6 All of the following account for the Renaissance occurring first in Italy EXCEPT: • Its location on major trade routes in the Mediterranean • Its proximity to centers of classical culture • Its centralized monarchy able to promote art • Its high degree of urban development • Its active culture of the city-states

13. Answer #6 • Its centralized monarchy able to promote art ---Why? • Italy did not have a centralized monarchy; it was a series of merchant oligarchies, rich families ruling Italy (Florence = Medici, Milan = Sforza, Borgias = Rome and Papal States • – all other are true of the Renaissance

14. Question #7 Which of the following is the best explanation for Martin Luther’s condemnation of the German Peasant’s Revolt, 1524-1525? • Luther feared that the emperor would use the revolt as an excuse to reassert his control • The peasant’s attack on Jewish communities violated Luther’s support for religious toleration • Luther did not wish his ideas of spiritual equality to be used to overthrow the existing social order • Luther was a pacifist and believed that all violence contradicted the direct teachings of the bible • The revolt threatened to spread into Switzerland and harm Luther’s newly formed alliance with Zwingli

15. Answer #7 C. – Luther did NOT wish his ideas of spiritual equality to be used to overthrow the existing social order – WHY? • Luther was a religious revolutionary BUT a social and political conservative – he did not want to “rock the boat” politically.

16. Question #8 Of the following, which is the most accurate characterization of the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation? • By 1560, most areas of Europe had returned to the Catholic faith • At the Council of Trent (1545-1563), the Church refused to compromise with Protestants • The power of the clergy was greatly diminished and religious orders disbanded • The power of the papacy was weakened and given over to church councils • The Catholic Church did little if anything to respond to the Protestant Reformation.

17. Answer #8 B. – At the Council of Trent (1545-1563), the Church refused compromise with the Protestants – WHY? • A is an overstatement – Jesuits recovered some areas but not MOST • C - a major feature of the Catholic Reformation was the establishment of religious orders (Jesuits, Ursulines, etc.) • D. - the power of the papacy was reaffirmed and increased • E. is simply incorrect – it spent 20-30 years reinventing the Catholic Church

18. Question #9 Which of the following best describes Henry VIII’s motives for his break with the Catholic Church? A. Henry wished to control the church but leave doctrine untouched. B. Henry had been deeply influenced by Lutheran theology. C. Thomas More had convinced Henry of the political advantages of such a break D. Henry needed the support of the nobility, many of whom were Protestant. E. Henry’s aggressive foreign policy in Italy led to his excommunication.

19. Answer #9 • – Henry wished to control the church but leave doctrine untouched - WHY? First, remember the Act of Supremacy – made Henry head of the Anglican Church in England (Elizabeth I would bring this back into practice) Second, remember Henry needed a male heir and wanted a divorce – which the Catholic Church would NOT grant! • B is false – Henry wrote a treatise opposing Luther’s ideas • C. Thomas More opposed Henry’s policies • D. most nobles were not Protestant • E . He was not excommunicated before his break with Rome

20. Question # 10 • For most of the nations involved, the experience of World War I resulted in: • The unification of political groups and social harmony • Successful government efforts to combat inflation • Policies of economic centralization and rationing • The use of female military units in combat situations • An improvement in the status of small business owners

21. Answer #10 • C. - policies of economic centralization and rationing – WHY? • World war I led to social tensions – Not A • Inflation grew worse – not B • Only Russia employed female soldiers – not D • Small business owners lost out as governments found it more efficient to funnel government contracts through large corporations – not E

22. Question #11 • During negotiations at Versailles following World War I, the Allied leader who favored the most lenient treatment of a defeated Germany was • Woodrow Wilson • B. David Lloyd George • George Clemenceau • V.I. Lenin • Vittorio Orlando

23. Answer #11 A. President Woodrow Wilson – President Wilson explicitly stated he wanted “peace without vengeance” and only agreed to harsh conditions because he wanted the League of Nations included

24. Question #13 • The Columbian Exchange, which followed exploration and colonization in the 15th and 16th centuries, resulted in • Successful efforts to integrate European and Native American production methods • An improved European diet by the addition of crops such as tomatoes and potatoes • A revival of Native American religion under the guidance of the Jesuit order • The domination of English culture in much of North and South America • Successful independence movements among the natives of South America

25. Answer # 13 • B. an improved European diet – none of the other events ever happened

26. Question #14 • Which of the following dynasties achieved continental domination through marriage in the 15th and 16th centuries? • Valois • Tudor • Hapsburg • Romanov • Jageillon

27. Answer #14 • C. Hapsburg – clue is 15th and 16th centuries – Hapsburg was dominant family in Europe

28. Question #15 Which of the following describes a major social impact of industrialization in the first half of the 19th century in Great Britain? • The number of people involved in agriculture increased • Poor living conditions caused a decline in national income • Work and home life became increasingly separated • Women gained equality from new economic opportunities • Adoption of the factory system increased aristocratic power

29. Answer #15 • C. work and home life became increasingly separated – family structure and life wad destroyed by industrial revolution

30. Question #16 • “Nature brings forth families. The most natural state therefore is also one people, with a character of its own. A people is as much a plant of nature as is a family, except that it has more branches. Nothing therefore seems more contradictory to the true end of governments than the wild confusion of races and nations under one scepter.” • The quote above best represents the political philosophy of • A. divine-right monarchy • B. nationalism • C. Liberalism • D. conservatism • E. communism

31. Answer #16 • B - nationalism – this quote argues that natural affinities exist in politics among people with common characteristics. Combining numerous peoples under one government violates the natural order

32. Question #17 • With which of the following is Baroque art of the seventeenth century most closely associated? A. mercantilism B. Scientific Revolution C. Enlightenment D. Absolutism E. Protestant Reformation

33. Answer # 17 • D – absolutism – baroque art expressed the power of absolutism, and its artistic adherents often won patronage from powerful princes, kings, and popes. Characteristic of the Baroque are the palace at Versailles, Phillip II’s palace named Escorial

34. Question #18 • Important new technologies first developed in the period 1850-1914 include: • airplanes, petroleum, and electricity • Textiles, steel and coal mining • Chemicals, railroads, and canals • Telegraphs, steel, and computers • Artillery, textiles, and canals

35. Answer #18 • A – airplanes, petroleum, and electricity • Mechanization hit textiles WELL before 1850 so (B) is out. • Canals had been built by the ancient world and had already been replaced by railroads by 1850 so (C) is out • Computers belong to post world war II period so (D) is out of time period • all of items in (e) pre-date 1850 • Airplanes were invented in 1903, petroleum discovered in 1859, and electricity harnessed in the 1870’s and 1880’s (A)

36. Question # 19 • The nineteenth-century Concert of Europe acted primarily as a(n): • Mutual defense system to protect against Russian aggression • Tariff union among the German states to promote trade • International league of trading cities tied to the Americas • Informal collective security arrangement of the great powers • League of Romantic poets and composers urging revolution

37. Answer # 19 • D – informal collective security arrangement of the great powers • Russia acted as a key member of the Concert of Europe meaning (A) is false. • (B) refers perhaps to the German Zollverein • ( C) No such entity existed • Individual Romantic revolutionaries existed, but they were not allied in a group by that name • Metternich’s Concert of Europe operated informally to address security questions among the five great powers of Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. It was destroyed by the revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War.

38. Question #20 • The decline of which of the following states produced conflict in the Balkans leading up to World War I? • Ottoman Empire • Austria-Hungary • Russia • Germany • Serbia

39. Answer # 20 • A – Ottoman Empire – • The Ottoman Empire was called the “Sick Man of Europe” in the nineteenth century • This decline encouraged nationalism among the Slavic minority and added to the tensions between the two great powers in geographic proximity – Austria-Hungary and Russia

40. Nease 2014-2015 – AP European History Review

41. Warm Up Question #2 – 4/22/15 • The accompanying scene portrays which of the following events? • The French evacuation at Dien Bien Phu in Indochina • Bombing of British cities during World War II • One of the first tests of new jet aircraft in the 1930’s • Soviet military personnel leaving Eastern Europe in 1990 • American efforts to supply West Berlin during the Cold War.

42. Answer – Question #2 • The answer is E – American efforts to supply West Berlin during the Cold War • A – crowd does not appear Indochinese • B- no bombs are falling and crowd waving @ plane • C - plane has propellers, not a jet • D – Soviet troops leave Eastern Europe via land; picture looks to be before 1990

43. Warm Up Question #3 – 4/24/15 • All of the following represent policies or consequences of Joseph Stalin’s (1929-1953) rule in the Soviet Union EXCEPT: • The collectivization of agriculture • Ending the Cold War conflict with the West • Industrialization through Five Year Plans • The purging of the Old Bolshevik elite • Joining the World War II alliance against Nazi Germany

44. Answer #3 – 4/24/15 • B – Ending the Cold War conflict with the West • All of the rest of the items were policies or consequences of Stalin’s rule in the Soviet Union

45. Warm Up Question #4 – 4/27/15 Place the following Soviet rulers in chronological order: • Stalin • Khrushchev • Lenin • Gorbachev • Brezhnev • Putin • Yeltsin

46. Answer #4 – 4/27/15 • Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Putin