A.P. WORLD HISTORY

1. A.P. WORLD HISTORY THEMES

2. S.C.R.I.P.T.E.D.

3. Why Themes? • Big world—a lot of history. Themes help us make sense of it all. • Provides an organizing framework. • i.e., Ms. Merino studied Intellectual History. • “Themes”are big ideas • helps organize knowledge • helps to see continuity/change • helps to compare & contrast

4. SOCIAL:Gender, Labor, Social hierarchy HIERARCHIES INEQUALITIES, ELITES

5. Social History Etruscan (Italy) 600 BCE Imperial Rome (Italy) 60 CE Social history studies the way that people are grouped together, what their roles in society are, and how these groups relate to each other. For example: Compare and contrast ender roles in Etruscan Italy vs. Imperial Rome. What are the similarities? Differences?

6. Social History Another example: Discuss the continuities and changes in the Chinese family (size, roles, relationships) between the early 20th century and today. What has changed? What has stayed the same? Why?

7. Social History Mexican Family – 1763 Spanish husband, Native American wife Your turn! Race and ethnicity: What questions might an historian ask? So in your own words, what is social history?

8. CULTURALArts, architecture, and the intellect

9. Cultural History Unknown artist, c. 800 CE Titian, Salome, 16th Century Cultural History includes the study of the arts, architecture, literature, drama, poetry, fashion, music, cultural trends and movements, etc. Example: Analyze the changes and continuities in the European painting tradition from the Early Middle Age through the Late Renaissance. What has stayed the same? What has changed? Why?

10. Cultural History Built by Byzantine (Christian) empire: 537 C.E. Conquered by Ottoman (Islamic) empire: 1453 C.E. Your turn: Architecture: The Hagia Sofia, Istanbul, Turkey. What questions might an historian ask? In your own words, what is cultural history?

11. RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL How does each society view, explain the world?

12. Religious & Intellectual (Philosophical):Religious and spiritual traditions, philosophical movements and ideas. Religious history studies religious movements, traditions, and beliefs, and how they have developed, changed, and interacted over time. Intellectual history is the history of ideas, be they philosophical, scientific, etc. What are the unique & similar beliefs, ideas, & ways of living between peoples?

13. Religious/ Intellectual History Christianity The ancient Greek pantheon. Example: Analyze the similarities and differences between the Hellenistic religion of ancient Greece, and European Christianity. Similarities? Differences?

14. Religious/ Intellectual History Ptolomaic, 160 BCE Copernican 1543 CE Another example: Discuss the continuities and changes in the way that Europeans understood the universe (and their place in it) from Ptolemy to Copernicus. How has it changed? How is it the same?

15. Religious/ Intellectual History Your turn: Statue of the Buddha in China. What questions might an historian ask? Buddhism developed in India in the 5th century BCE. This carving is located in China (the “Leshan Giant Buddha”), and was carved in the 7th century BCE. In your own words, what is religious/intellectual history?

16. INTERACTIONSWar, Diplomacy, Exchanges

17. Interactions When we study the interactions between peoples, we look at things like wars, trade and commerce, diplomacy, migrations… really anything that puts people in contact with each other. In this class, a big focus is on looking at how cultures have interacted with each other across time, and the resultant conflicts, diffusions, and changes. Although not a specific, separate theme, it is important to include “interactions” in our study and understanding of history (many of the questions posed above have focused on these “interactions.).

18. POLITICS: FUNCTIONS & STRUCTURES OF STATES; REVOLUTIONS

19. Political History Political history looks at the various political structures, hierarchies, and ideologies that have existed across time. How does a people define power? Where does political power come from? What political structure best supports those ideas? Who wields power and how? What political ideas unite and/or divide people? What are the causes and effects of competition for power?

20. Political History American President Egyptian Pharaoh Example: Compare and contrast the nature of power in ancient Egypt and modern-day United States. Similarities? Differences?

21. Political History Another example: Analyze the continuities and changes in the size and structure of the Mongol Empire between 1206 and 1279. What stayed the same? What changed? Why?

22. Political History Liberty Leading the People Eugene Delacroix, 1830 Your turn: Revolt and Revolution. What questions might an historian ask? In your own words, what is political history?

23. TECHNOLOGY

24. History of Technology When we look at the history of technology, we look not only at technological inventions and improvements, but we study and analyze the impact that they have on their respective societies and cultures. Remember, technology includes everything from the simple wheel and the earliest flint tools, to your iphones, particle accelerators, and the International Space Station.

25. History of Technology Sugar harvest, 1800’s Sugar harvest, today. Example: Analyze the continuities and changes in agricultural production of sugar between the 19th century and today. What’s stayed the same? What has changed?

26. History of Technology Photograph of women working in a textile mill in England, early 1800s. Your turn: the Industrial Revolution. What questions might an historian ask? In your own words, what is the history of technology?

27. ECONOMICSTrade, Commerce, and Economic Systems

28. Economic History Economic history includes the study of wealth, how it is produced and exchanged, and the systems that are put in place to control and support it. Economic history includes trade and commerce, which are an incredibly significant component to this class, as it is the primary reason that people have come into contact with each other.

29. Economic History The Silk Roads, major trade route extending over 4,000 miles. Began during the Han dynasty in the 1st century BCE, ultimately disintegrating By 1453. Your turn: Trade. What questions might an historian ask? In your own words, what is economic history?

30. DEMOGRAPHY, DISEASE & ENVIRONMENT URBANIZATION, MIGRATION, ECOCIDE

31. Demographic History Within this theme, we look closely at demography, disease, and the interaction of humans and their environment. Demographics is the study of population, in terms of size, make up, and movement. This includes the study of migrations, including the push and pull factors that influence who moves where and why.

32. Demographic History Your turn: Population. What questions might an historian ask? In your own words, define demographic history.

33. A.P. WORLD HISTORY: PERIODIZATION

34. WHAT IS PERIODIZATION? • Each period is defined by specific conditions • A geographical delineation that answers where • When civilization contracts, shrinks geographically • When civilization spreads from smaller to wider area • Contacts and Interactions • Increase, decrease in contacts across regions • Parallel Developments • Whether indigenous or diffused, • Shared characteristics • Dates • Time is not best way to define a period • Characteristics and chronology • Period may occur • At different time • In different regions

35. PRE-HISTORYFoundations, I • Two Sub-Periods of the Stone Age • Paleolithic • Nomadic, hunting and gathering • Small bands led by those with specialized hunting knowledge • Neolithic • Sedentary, farming and herding • Semi-Nomadic: Slash/Burn (Shifting) and Pastoralism • Villages with tribal structures, families; chiefs • Geographic Component • It occurred at different times in different places • Chronological Component • Paleolithic from 1 million to 8000 BCE • Neolithic from 6000 BCE to 4500 BCE • Technology • Stone, bone and wood gave way to handicrafts, artifacts

36. Foundations, II • Geography: River Valleys • From 4,500 BCE to 600 BCE • Begins with agricultural surpluses • Leads to towns, cities, changes to hierarchy • Generally small city-states, hereditary rulers • Elite classes especially warriors, priests • Rise of Institutions • Long lasting social patterns • Religion and Government • Time of Technological Innovation • Two Alternate Names • Hearth Civilizations, Ancient River Valley Civilizations • Bronze Age Civilizations • Ends with rise of large, regional empires

37. Classical Period • 600 BCE – 600 CE • Iron Age • Large, regional empires • Military aristocracies • Integrate regions • Cosmopolitan Traditions • Religions, Philosophies • Regional Civilizations • China, India, SW Asia (Cuneiform), Mediterranean • Mesoamerica and Andean America • Strong contacts between regional centers • Many areas outside classical civilizations • Ends with massive nomadic invasions

38. Post-Classical Period • 6th century CE to 1450 CE • Began with rise of Islam • First trans-regional civilization • Spans Eurasia and Africa • Era of two great powers: Islam, China • Ended due to Turks, Mongols, Black Death • Characteristics • Spread of universalizing religions, philosophies • Buddhism, Islam, Christianity • Saw rise of new civilization centers • Andes, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, SE Asia, Japan • Emergence of network of global contacts • Ages of Faith, Aristocracy, • Age of Increasing Inequalities especially Gender

39. Early Modern Era • 1450 – 1750 CE • Rise of gunpowder empires • An Age of Absolutism • Rise of Western Europe • Religious Strife • World Shrinks • All continents included in world network • Global trade develops for first time • Great exchanges • Goods, products, flora, fauna, people, germs • Ideas especially European, Christianity • Demographic Shifts in Americas, Eurasia

40. Modern Era • 1750 to 1914: “The West and the Rest” • Era of massive technological change • Era of many revolutions • Technological • Political • Social • Intellectual, Artistic • Vast trade networks • Western Global Hegemony • Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia • USA, Japan are newest powers • Dominance of Western Culture • Resistance • Modernization, Industrialization, Westernization? • Demographic shift; urbanization

41. Contemporary Era • 1914 to Present “Change, Change, Change” • 1914 – 1945: Europe’s Twilight • 1945 – Present: Atomic Age • The American Century, Retreat of Europe • Rise of Pacific Rim, India • Collapse of European empires • Jihad vs. McWorld • Modernization vs. westernization • Modernization vs. traditionalism • Secularism vs. change • Rise of new political forms • Non-State Governmental Organizations • Supranationalism; Internationalism • Mass culture • Technology, telecommunications dominate age • Demography and Environment as Major Concerns

42. WHAP Periodization • Period 1, Foundations • Technological and Environmental Transformations • To c. 600 BCE • Key Concepts: • Big Geography & Peopling of the Earth • The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies • The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

43. WHAP Periodization • Period 2 • Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies • c. 600 BCE – c. 600 CE • Key Concepts: • Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions • Development of States and Empires • Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange

44. WHAP Periodization • Period 3 • Regional and Transregional Interactions • c. 600 – 1450 • Key Concepts: • Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks • Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and their Interactions • Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange

45. WHAP Periodization • Period 4 • Global Interactions • C. 1450 – 1750 • Key Concepts: • Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange • New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production • State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

46. WHAP Periodization • Period 5 • Industrialization and Global Integration • c. 1750 – 1900 • Key Concepts: • Industrialization and Global Capitalism • Imperialism and Nation State Formation • Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform • Global Migration

47. WHAP Periodization • Period 6 • Accelerating Global Change and Realignments • c. 1900 to the Present • Key Concepts: • Science and the Environment • Global Conflicts and their Consequences • New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture