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Finite Clauses. Types of Sentences. Simple Compound Complex Compound Complex. Clauses. Word --> Phrase --> Clause --> Sentence Clauses have a verb - one main verb per clause Finite Clauses - Verb inflected for tense Non-Finite Infinitive Participial, including Gerunds.
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Types of Sentences • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound Complex
Clauses • Word --> Phrase --> Clause --> Sentence • Clauses have a verb - one main verb per clause • Finite Clauses - Verb inflected for tense • Non-Finite • Infinitive • Participial, including Gerunds
Types of Embedded Sentences • Subordinate Clauses (Adverbial) • Indicate time, place, manner, cause, or condition • Usually preceded by a subordinator • Relative Clauses (Adjectival) • Relative Pronouns • Restrictive vs. non-restrictive relative clauses • Complement Clauses (Nominal)
Complement Clauses • Appear as an NP • Can be the subject of the sentence [That you like bananas] is surprising. • Can be an object I know [that you like bananas.] • Can be replaced by a pronoun (It is surprising; I know it.) • That is a complementizer.
Direct Discourse • Direct discourse is when a person is quoted: He said, “You took my cheese.” • Indirect Discourse is when a person is paraphrased. He said that you took my cheese. • In direct discourse, time, place, and participants are tied to the original utterance. She said, “The treasure is buried here.” He said, “Is your party tomorrow.”
Interrogative Complement Clauses • One of the NPs in the complement clause is replaced by an interrogative pronoun • Examples: • I know [who stole my cheese]. • I heard [what you said]. • I wonder [how they did that]. • Notice that the WH-word appears at the beginning of the clause and that no question mark is used.
Non-Finite Clause: Infinitives • Introduced by to or for to. • I want [to buy the cheese]. • [To err] is human. • [For him to err] is terrible. • Can also appear without to: • I heard him break the cookie jar. • He made me eat my spinach. • Can be nominal, adverbial (I bought it [to surprise you].), or adjectival (He was the last person [to talk to me.]). See page 357.
S VP NP MVP NP S N MV VP NP MV NP N Chris wants (Chris) take my cheese
to take cheese my Chris wants
S VP NP MVP NP S N MV VP NP MV NP N Chris wants Bill take my cheese
Bill to take cheese my Chris wants
To and For/To Infinitives • Sentences with infinitive clauses as subject use for if the subject is part of the clause • For you to say that is shocking. • To say that is shocking. • Sentences with for/to clauses as direct objects are less direct than those with to • She sent him to buy supplies. • She sent for him to buy supplies. • She asked him to leave. • She asked for him to leave.
Bare vs. to Infinitives • Tied to degree of likelihood that event took place • She made him shave She let him shave --> He shaved • She asked him to shave. She wanted him to shave. --> He might not have shaved.
Types of Verbs Taking Complement Clause • Modality Verbs – want, try, begin, fixing to • Manipulative Verbs – make, force, beg, order, let, ask, tell • Perception – see, hear, watch • Cognition – know, understand, hope, think • Utterance – say, reveal, announce • P-C-U verbs tend to take that complements
Reminder: Non-Finite Clauses • Infinitives • To-Infinitives • For-To-Infinitives • Bare Infinities • Participles • Present Participial Clauses • Past Participial Clauses
Present Participial Clauses • Adverbial • Walking to work, I spotted an eagle. • While walking to work, I spotted an eagle. (elliptical subordinate clause) • Many people having seen the eagle, I am now satisfied. • Adjectival • The people standing on the street were watching the eagle. • Gerund (Nominal) • Watching the eagle was fun.
Usage: Dangling Modifiers • Dangling Infinitives • Eager to work, my tools lay before me. • To feel rewarded, a job must be well-paying. • Dangling Present Participle • Flying high in the sky, I spotted an eagle. • Standing on a cliff, the ocean inspired me. • Dangling Past Participle • Hard boiled, I took the eggs out of the water. • Fed well, the entertainment began. • Sauced and seasoned, I tasted the entrée.
Nominative Absolutes • Actually Adverbials, but still called “nominative” • Tensed form of the verb or auxiliary BE is deleted • Examples: (pp. 395-396) • His mind on the test, Bill entered the classroom. • The children fed and put to bed, Pat and Chris relaxed. • My hair a mess, I wandered into the classroom. • Eyes gleaming, they ran into the playground. • They ran into the playground, their eyes ablaze.
Practice: Adverbial, Adjectival, or Gerund • The children playing in the street should be warned. • Visiting professors can be boring. (trick question) • Whistling loudly, I walked into the dark. • Educated as to the facts, the citizen voted. • My jumping into the lake amused my family. • The test given to the students was easy. • Pumped, the kids began the contest.
Adverbial Present Participle I spotted eagle an wal ki ng to work
S Adverbial Present Participle VP NP MVP ADVP NP S PRO MV DET N VP NP MV PREPP PRO I spotted an eagle (I) walking to work
Adjectival Present Participle I spotted eagle an wal ki ng on street the
S Adjectival Present Participle VP NP MVP NP ADJP S PRO MV DET N VP NP MV PREPP I spotted an eagle (eagle) walking on the street
sing ing his song that We enjoyed
S VP NP MVP NP S PRO MV VP NP MV NP N We enjoyed he singing that song (his)
