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Levels of Organization: From Cells to Organisms

Learn about the different levels of organization in living things, starting from the smallest unit - the cell, to the largest - the organism. Explore the structures and functions of cells, tissues, organs, systems, and how they work together. Understand the basics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and discover the specialization of cells.

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Levels of Organization: From Cells to Organisms

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  1. Bell warm up List the level of organization from smallest to largest

  2. What is a cell? • Basic unit of life that can carry out all the functions of a living thing. • Various sizes and shapes • Organism- living thing • Unicellular • multicellular

  3. Microscope Development • 1665 – Robert Hooke named cell • 1674 – Anton von Leeuwenhoek - looked at cells in pond water and blood and published his observations

  4. Cell Theory • The cell theory states that: • All living things are composed ofcells • Cells are the basic unit s of structure and function in living things • New cells are produced from existing cells

  5. Cells from Labs:

  6. Levels of Organization • CELLS • TISSUES • ORGANS • SYSTEMS • ORGANISM

  7. Levels of organization • Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions

  8. Tissue • A group of similar cells to perform a particular function • Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue • Plants :vascular tissue, mesophyll

  9. Organ • Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions • Heart :consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels • Leaf :consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue

  10. The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ) Chloroplast Palisade Mesophyll Cell Spongy Mesophyll Cell Air Space Stoma

  11. The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)

  12. System • Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way • Human :digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems • Plant :root and shoot systems

  13. Human Body Systems Examples of systems : • Digestive System • Respiratory System • Circulatory System • Nervous System • Reproductive System

  14. Examples of a Human Body System

  15. Examples of a Human Body System

  16. Examples of a Human Body System Circulatory System

  17. Examples of a Human Body System Nervous System

  18. Levels of Organization • CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells) • TISSUES (muscle, epithelium) • ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach) • SYSTEMS (circulatory system) • ORGANISM (human)

  19. Levels of Organization • CELLS - C • TISSUES- T • ORGANS -O • SYSTEMS -S • ORGANISM -O

  20. It’s You!

  21. Cell Specialization

  22. Number of Cells • Organisms may be: • Unicellular – composed of one cell • Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize

  23. Prokaryotic cell (no nucleus) Eukaryotic cell (has nucleus) Types of Cells

  24. ProkaryoticCells: have genetic material that is NOT contained in a nucleus that is; they lack nucleus Simple cell No membrane-bound organelles Chromosome not contained in nucleus Small cells Ex - bacteria Prokaryotic Cells

  25. Prokaryotes • Nucleoid region contains the DNA • Cell membrane & cell wall • Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteinsin their cytoplasm

  26. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which genetic material is seperated from the rest of the cell. That is; they have membrane bound nucleus • Complex cell • Membrane-bound organelles • Chromosomes contained in nucleus • Larger cells • Ex – all other organisms (Plants and animals)

  27. Bell warm up Bellwarm up question on the floor pls! Write your answer in your bell warm up paper

  28. Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell

  29. Bell warm up: The structure below is a _________ cell

  30. Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells root hair Root Hair Cell Different kinds of plant cells

  31. white blood cell Amoeba red blood cell muscle cell sperm cheek cells nerve cell Paramecium Different kinds of animal cells

  32. Cell Structures, Functions and Transport

  33. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Animal Cell Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Membrane Go to Section:

  34. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function • Nucleus • Nickname: “The Control Center” • Function: holds the DNA • Parts: • Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps make ribosomes

  35. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Animal Cell Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Cell Membrane Go to Section:

  36. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function • Ribosomes • Function: makes proteins • Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic

  37. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Nickname: “Roads” • Function: The internal delivery system of the cell

  38. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Animal Cell Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Cell Membrane Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Go to Section:

  39. Endoplasmic Reticulum • 2 Types: • Rough ER: • Rough appearance because it has ribosomes • Function: helps make proteins, that’s why it has ribosomes • Smooth ER: • NO ribosomes • Function: makes fats or lipids

  40. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Animal Cell Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Ribosomes Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Membrane Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex Go to Section:

  41. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function • Golgi Complex • Nickname: The shippers • Function: packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell • Appearance: stack of pancakes

  42. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Animal Cell Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Cell Membrane Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Go to Section:

  43. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function • Lysosomes: circular, but bigger than ribosomes) • Nickname: “Clean-up Crews” • Function: to break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells

  44. What is the function of the lysosome? Cleans up stuff for the cell to break down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells

  45. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Animal Cell Section 7-2 Cytoplasm Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Cell Membrane Mitochondria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies

  46. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function • Mitochondria • Nickname: “The Powerhouse” • Function: Energy formation • Breaks down food to make ATP • ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy

  47. Cell membrane Fence Controls what goes in and out of the cell

  48. What is the function of the Cell membrane? Fence Controls what goes in and out of the cell

  49. Animal Cell Cytoplasm Nucleolus Ribosomes Nucleus Cell Membrane Mitochondria Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies

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