Themes in Global History

1. Themes in Global History Review

2. 1. Change Definition: Represents a New Way of Doing Things a) Neolithic Revolution - Change where people stopped being nomads and began to develop permanent settlements through the development of agriculture and domestication of animals b)Commercial Revolution -Change of trade and business practices that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th century c) Scientific Revolution -Change in the study of the natural world based on observation and experimentation that challenged traditional theories d) Glorious Revolution -Change in the government of England where Protestant monarchs had a bloodless overthrow of the Catholic monarch

3. 2. Turning Points Definition - a sequence of events that brought about change a) Fall of the Roman Empire - Brought about the Middle Ages in the Western half of the Roman Empire (Europe) and the Byzantine Empire in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire (Asia Minor) b)Crusades -Brought about the Renaissance in Italy and Western Europe due to the re-establishment of trade and cultural diffusion between Europe and the Middle East c) Bubonic Plague (Black Death) -Brought about the end of the manorialism which started the decline of the Middle Ages in Europe

4. 2. Turning Points (Pg.2) d) Protestant Reformation -Brought about the end of religious unity in Western Europe due to the attempts to solve the abuses in the Roman Catholic Church e) Enlightenment -Brought upon the Age of Revolutions due to scholars challenging the traditional ideas of government and society

5. 3. Belief Systems Definition: religions or a way of conducting one’s life a) Animism - Traditional polythietic belief system that spirits are presents in animals, plants and other natural objects b) Judaism -Monotheistic belief system of the Hebrews c) Christianity - Monotheistic belief system based upon Ancient Judaism and the teachings of Jesus of Nazereth d) Islam -Monotheistic belief system of the Muslims based on the teachings of Muhammad e) Hinduism -Polytheistic belief system of traditional India that governed Indian society based upon the caste system and ideas of reincarnation and karma

6. 3. Belief Systems (Pg. 2) f) Buddhism - Belief system based on the principles of Hinduism but rejects the caste system g) Confucianism -Guide of living based upon the Chinese philosopher Confucius h) Daoism -Guide of living based upon the Chinese philosopher Laozi who taught that people should be guided by the universal force known as Dao (way) i) Legalism -Belief that the way to create a stable society in China was through unquestioning obedience to a strong government through harsh punishment j) Shintoism -traditional belief system of Japan based on worship of the spirits found in nature

7. 4. Geography Definition: How the natural world effect people that live there a) Early River Valley Civilizations - Ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China and India developed along rivers that provided fresh water and fertile soil for people, crops and animals b) Ancient China -Isolated due to natural geographic barriers that led to the development of a unique culture c) Ancient Greece -Due to mountainous terrain, developed city states due to isolation and hindered trade - Irregular coastlines and lack of arable lands made Greece rely on the sea for food and overseas trade d) Japan -Mountainous terrain and lack of arable land led to Japan to rely on the sea for food and overseas trade withChina (cultural diffusion with China)

8. 5) Economic Systems Definition -various forms of conducting business a) Traditional Economy - based on subsistence farming b) Barter Economy -based on the trading of goods and services between people without the use of money c) Manorialism -based on the production of goods and services produced on the Medieval manor, minimal trade d) Mercantilism - based on countriesdepended on increasing their wealth by exporting more than they imported by having their colonies supply it with raw materials and serving its markets for its exports e) Capitalism -based on which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit

9. 6. Political Systems -Definition -various forms of government a) Theocracy- -ruled by a religious leaders b) Monarchy - ruled by a king or queen who has centralized power c) Aristocracy -ruled by a privileged minority or upper class d)Oligarchy - ruled by a small group of people e) Tyranny -ruled by an individual who seizes power by force

10. 6. Political Systems f) Direct Democracy -ruled by its citizens who vote on all legislation g) Republic -citizens elect government officials that represent the citizens in government h) Feudalism - nobles are granted the use of lands by the king in exchange for loyalty, military service and percentage of goods produced i) Limited Monarchy -power of the monarch is limited by the legislature

11. 7.Culture and Intellectual Life Definition: the way people live a) Greek Philosophy -Scholars began to use logic and reason to investigate the natural world b) Pax Romana -Golden Age of Rome, 200 years of peace and stability in the Roman Empire c) Gupta Empire -Golden Age of India, lasting contributions in mathematics, medicine, art and architecture d) Islamic Golden Age -lasting contributions in mathematics, science

12. 7.Culture and Intellectual Life (Pg.2) e) Byzantine Empire - preserved Greek and Roman cultures during the Middle Ages in Europe -Influenced the Russian culture f) Renaissance -Rebirth of Greek and Roman culture in Europe g) Mesoamerican culture - Developed complex civilizations before the arrival of the Europeans

13. 8. Nationalism Definition: pride in one’s country or culture a) Middle Kingdom - Chinese believed their culture was far superior from other cultures and their land was the center of the world

14. 9) Imperialism Definition: stronger civilizations/country takes over a weaker civilization country a) Greek Empire - under the leadership of Alexander the Great that included Egypt, Asia Minor and India b) Roman Empire -included Western Europe, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, parts of the Middle East, Egypt and Northern Africa c) Mongol Empire - invaded and conquered China, Northern and Eastern Asia d) Han Dynasty -Chinese empire that conquered Southeast Asia e) Colonization of the Americas -European countries set up colonies in the Americas to produce raw materials and served as markets for finished goods

15. 10) Diversity and Interdependence Definition: How people from differing cultures work together a) Roman Empire - under the Roman Empire, many cultures lived together b) Greek Empire -under the Greek Empire, many cultures lived together c) Byzantine Empire -under the Byzantine Empire, many cultures lived together d) Mongol Empire -under the Mongol Empire, many cultures lived together

16. 11) Justice and Human Rights Definition: - various law codes and how human rights are violated a) Hammurabi’s Code -1st written law code in history, very harsh punishment, “eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” b) Ten Commandments Law code of the Hebrews and Christians that guided the conduct of its followers c) Law of Twelve Tables Law code of the Roman Empire in which everyone was equal d) Justinian’s Code Law code of the Byzantine Empire that combined the ancient Roman laws with common law e) Magna Carta -Legislation that limited the power of the English King in 1215 f) English Bill of Rights -Legislation that created a limited monarchy in England, based on the Magna Carta

17. 12) Movement of People and Goods Definition: -the migration of people to different parts of the world a) Trans-Saharan Trade Route - trade route through Northern Africa to the Middle East that brought Islam to Northern Africa b) Silk Road -trade route that linked China with the markets of the West c) Crusades -holy war between the European Christians and the Middle Eastern Muslims over control of Palestine, resulted in a increased in European interest in Middle Eastern goods d) Columbian Exchange -introduction of new goods, ideas, technology between the Americas and Europe

18. 13) Science and Technology Definition: Advancements in science and technology throughout the course of history a) Neolithic Revolution -development of agriculture and domestication of animals that resulted in the establishment of permanent settlements b) Invention of the Printing Press -development that allowed ideas to spread faster throughout the world

19. 14) Conflict Definition: Various wars or disagreements that have happened a) Battle of Tours -war between the European Christians and Muslims that resulted in the pushing back of the invading Muslims in Western Europe b) Crusades -holy war between the European Christians and the Middle Eastern Muslims over control of Palestine, resulted in a increased in European interest in Middle Eastern goods c) Hundred Years’ War -war between France and English over English territory in Europe that resulted in decline of the Middle Ages due to a new loyalty to the king rather than the feudal lords

20. 15) Modern Global Connection and Interactions Definition: How the modern problems/issues has affected the world