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Unraveling the Mysteries of DNA Structure and Function

Delve into the world of DNA, the blueprint of life. Explore the double helix structure, nucleotides, and bases. Learn about the significance of DNA in medical advancements and agriculture. Engage with fascinating facts and the history of DNA discovery.

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Unraveling the Mysteries of DNA Structure and Function

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  1. Bell warm up What is DNA? What do you know about DNA? What does it do? Draw DNA?

  2. Engage • Spiderman • X- men • X-men more

  3. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  4. The Structure of DNA

  5. DNA function • DNAis often called the blueprint of life- stores genetic information • In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell.

  6. DNA- Double helix structure • Francis Crick and James Watson made the DNA double helix model in 1953.

  7. Why do we study DNA? We study DNA for many reasons, e.g., • its central importance to all life on Earth- DNA is present in all living things • medical benefits such as cures for diseases, • better food crops.

  8. Our genes are on our chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of a chemical called DNA. Chromosomes and DNA

  9. The Shape of the Molecule • DNA is a very long polymer. • The basic shape is like a twisted ladder or zipper. • This is called a double helix.

  10. The Double Helix Molecule • The DNA double helix has two strands twisted together. • (In the rest of this unit we will look at the structure of one strand.)

  11. Question Why is DNA described as a double helix ?

  12. Question Why is DNA described as a double helix ?

  13. Answer DNA looks like a twisted ladder or a zipper

  14. One Strand of DNA phosphate • The backbone of the molecule is alternating phosphate and deoxyribose, a sugar, parts. • The teeth are nitrogenousbases. deoxyribose bases

  15. Nucleotides DNA is made up of units called nucleotides. consists of: Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous base

  16. O -P O O -P O O -P O O O O O O O C C ribose ATP Nucleotides Nitrogenous base One deoxyribose together with its phosphate and base make a nucleotide. O Phosphate C C C Deoxyribose O

  17. One Strand of DNA nucleotide • One strand of DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. • One strand of DNA has many millions of nucleotides.

  18. Four nitrogenous bases DNA has four different bases: • Cytosine C • Thymine T • Adenine A • Guanine G

  19. Important: Adenine and Thymine always join together A T Cytosine and Guanine always join together C G

  20. N N C N C C C N N C Two Kinds of Bases in DNA N • Pyrimidines are single ring bases. • Purines are double ring bases. N C O C C N C

  21. N O N N C C O C C O C C C N C N C thymine cytosine Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines • Thymine and cytosine each have one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.

  22. O N N N C C N C C C C N N N C N C C Guanine Adenine C N N Adenine and Guanine are purines • Adenine and guanine each have two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms.

  23. Two Stranded DNA • Remember, DNA has two strands that fit together something like a zipper. • The teeth are the nitrogenous bases but why do they stick together?

  24. N O N C N C O C C N C C N N C N C C N Hydrogen Bonds • The bases attract each other because of hydrogen bonds. • Hydrogen bonds are weak but there are millions and millions of them in a single molecule of DNA. • (The bonds between cytosine and guanine are shown here.)

  25. O N C O C C C N C N N C C C N N C C N Hydrogen Bonds, cont. • When making hydrogen bonds, cytosine always pairs up with guanine, • And adenine always pairs up with thymine. • (Adenine and thymine are shown here.)

  26. Important: Adenine and Thymine always join together A T Cytosine and Guanine always join together C G

  27. The earth is 150 billion m or 93 million miles from the sun. DNA by the numbers • Each cell has about 2 m of DNA. • The average human has 75 trillion cells. • The average human has enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than 400 times. • DNA has a diameter of only 0.000000002 m.

  28. Notes • DNA is double stranded • looks like a twisted ladder or zipper • Carries genetic information • Watson and crick made the first 3-d model • AT • GC

  29. Question 1. Adenine pairs with _______ 2. Cytosine pairs with _______

  30. Question A nucleotide consists of: a. _____________ • _____________ • _____________

  31. DNA book cover p 6 nucleotides on each strand 12 nucleotides total on first page p S A T p p S G C S p p C S G S p p S C G S p p A T S S

  32. DNA book cover ---Back page • More facts about DNA (at least 2) • DNA timeline ( pg 292-293)

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