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Behavioural Approach

Behavioural Approach. -. Key Ideas. abula rasa – born with a blank slate and the capacity to learn bservable – focus on “the seen” rather than “the unseen” xperience – all behaviour is learnt through experience cientific – explore best with careful observation and measurement.

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Behavioural Approach

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  1. Behavioural Approach -

  2. Key Ideas abula rasa – born with a blank slate and the capacity to learn bservable – focus on “the seen” rather than “the unseen” xperience – all behaviour is learnt through experience cientific – explore best with careful observation and measurement

  3. Learning Methods • So how do we learn? • According to the behaviourist perspective there are three main ways…

  4. 1. Classical Conditioning • Learning by Association Pavlov: 1849 - 1946 “So there I was looking at dogs’ digestive system…” Watson: 1878 – 1958 “Give me a dozen healthy infants…”

  5. How does CC work?

  6. Does CC work in humans? • Room-mate experiment at university • Little Albert • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4

  7. 2. Operant Conditioning • Learning through consequences B. F. Skinner: 1904 – 1990 “The more we reinforce a behaviour…” Pigeon Ping Pong “Roll Over!”

  8. How does OC work? • Reinforcement increases the frequency of a behaviour • Punishment decreases the frequency of a behaviour TASK: Think of ways that these 2 types of conditioning may occur within the health and social care setting… Or any real life context

  9. 3. Social Learning Theory Learning through observation and imitation Bandura: 1953 – present “I’m afraid the Bobo doll experiment will be my legacy…”

  10. Bandura • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8

  11. How does SLT work? • You learn not only because you have been rewarded but also because you see someone else rewarded and store this memory for future reference • TASK: Mini-experiment • Ballet

  12. overview 1. Classical Conditioning- Learn by association • Pavlov’s dogs (animals) • Watson and Raynor’s Little Albert (human) 2. Operant Conditioning– Learn through consequences • Skinner’s rat/pigeon experiment 3. Social Learning Theory– Learn through observation and imitation • Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment

  13. Application Watch the following video making notes on the following: • What behavioural issues are identified? • What behaviourist theory can you apply? • What behavioural modification techniques could you apply to the situation? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIg8mJPfNgE

  14. Behaviour Modification Case Study ~ A six year old boy becomes angry and aggressive when asked to clean his teeth at night. How might behavioural approaches work?

  15. Case Study • Vicarious reinforcement • parents may be praising sister for teeth-brushing when she cleans her teeth without protest • Make teeth cleaning more reinforcing • Flavoured tooth paste – if experience pleasurable = strengthened and reinforced • Analyse child's behaviour and parents response • If parents are angry, attention is actually reinforcing the avoidance of teeth cleaning • Behaviour modification • Step by step approach

  16. Task Research the following terms and make notes on what they are… • Token economy • Social skills training • Systematic desensitisation • Family therapy

  17. Case Study ~ Jason Jason is a 23-year old man with learning difficulties. Attends a day care centre where he regularly lies across the main entrance to the centre. Staff become very concerned when he does this and there is usually a lot of commotion involve in persuading Jason to stand up and leave the entrance.

  18. What could staff do? • Assume that Jason has learnt this behaviour • May receive attention that positively reinforces him lying there • May feel bored – this may relieve his boredom • Reinforce an alternative behaviour – try to engage him in an activity that he will be interested in - staff to then reinforce this behaviour • Minimise attention Jason is receiving when lying in the doorway • Not ignore • Not punish

  19. What can you tell me about the following? • Token economy • Tokens reinforce in their own right • Prisons, hospitals etc – traded to try and influence behaviour • Need total control of a closed social setting • Social skills training • Role play etc provide an opportunity for new performance and behaviour • Examples – anger management in prisons and secure hospitals • Systematic desensitisation • Phobias = to think and talk about phobia and over time become desensitised to it • Family therapy • Sees family as a system

  20. Evaluation of the Behavioural Approach • Strengths • Focused • Structured problem solving • Suitable for ‘quick fix’ problems – brief therapy • Educational – can empower the client • Combine cognitive techniques • Weaknesses • Narrow focus • See people as mechanisms – some want more in depth exploration of personal issues • Not complying with care values – some techniques may be conducted by inexperienced practitioners resulting in abuse of the service user

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