NC Animal Waste as a Potential Resource for Reducing CO2 and Methane Emissions

1. NC Animal Waste as a Potential Resource for Reducing CO2 and Methane Emissions Kurt Creamer, P.E. Animal and Poultry Waste Management Center North Carolina State University

2. Development of Environmentally Superior TechnologiesNC Attorney General Agreementswith Smithfield Foods, Premium Standard Farms, and Frontline Farmers

3. Performance Standards • “Eliminate the discharge of animal waste to surface waters and groundwater through direct discharge, seepage, or runoff; • Substantially eliminate atmospheric emissions of ammonia; • Substantially eliminate the emission of odor that is detectable beyond the boundaries of the parcel of land on which the swine farm is located; • Substantially eliminate the release of disease-transmitting vectors and airborne pathogens; • Substantially eliminate nutrient and heavy metal contamination of soil and groundwater”

4. Economic Feasibility Determination • Projected 10 year annualized cost of the technology (including capital, operation and maintenance) per 1000 # steady state live weight for each category of farm system • Compared to lagoon and spray-field system • Projected revenues, including income from byproducts • Available cost-share monies or other financial assistance from federal, state or other public sources • Impact that the adoption of the technology may have on the competitiveness of the NC pork industry • ID/quantification (if possible) of emissions to environmental media from each category of farm system implementing the technology as compared to lagoon and spray-field system • Estimate of the economic benefits to NC households arising from the changes in emissions to environmental media resulting from implementation of the technology

5. LOCATION MAP Environmentally Superior Technology Demonstration Projects • Black Soldier Fly Larvae • Belt System • Ultrasonic Plasma Resonator • Desalinization System • NC State University • Lake Wheeler Road Field Laboratory • Gasification / Belt System • NCSU Grinnells Labs • Ambient AD • Clayton, NC • Sequencing Batch Reactor • Bailey, NC • High solids Thermophilic AD • Clinton, NC • Mesophilic AD. • Greenville, NC • Super Soil Systems • Clinton, NC (Site 1) • Warsaw, NC (Site 2) LEGEND • Mesophilic AD / Microturbine • Magnolia, NC (Site 1) • Kenansville, NC (Site 2) • Warsaw, NC (Site 3) • BEST / RECIP • FB Combustion • Rose Hill, NC • Constructed Wetland • Richlands, NC • Project Location • First Round Technology • Second Round Technology • On-Campus Project • EKOKAN • Upflow-Biofilter • Bladenboro, NC • Thermophillic AD • Rocky Mount, NC Note: Projects are listed by name(s), then by location to nearest city.

6. North Carolina produces approximately 650 million chickens, 50 million turkeys, and 19 million hogs per year.

7. Energy Potential from Animal Waste (Barker, NCCES Publication No. EBAE 071-80)

9. Ambient Anaerobic Digestion Swine Waste Treatment System Julian Barham Farm, Zebulon, North Carolina July 3, 2002

12. Eulerian- Lagrangian model to simulate odor dispersion y = 33.546 ex x = odor intensity (0-8)

13. Results reported (July 2003): In-ground ambient temperature digester / energy recovery / greenhouse vegetable production system • Carbon loading reduced by 90% • 560 – 990 kWh electricity/d • Tomato yield of 711 kg/d

14. Super Soil Systems, USA Swine Waste Treatment System Goshen Ridge Farms, Warsaw, North Carolina July 3, 2002

15. High Solids High Temperature Anaerobic Digester

16. Results reported (January 2004): High Solids High Temperature Anaerobic Digester system • 12 decatherms of methane per ton of feedstock • Post processed material met Class A biosolids requirement for fecal coliform bacteria

17. Figure 3. Schematic of the BK Technologies steam-reforming gasifier. Indirect heating and steam reforming combine to maximize the energy content of the product gas.

18. Results reported (July 2003): Belt system (Van Kempen / Koger proj.) • DM of belt collected manure fraction app. 50% • NH3 emissions of app. 1.0 kg/pig space/yr

19. BEST Biofuel, LLC Storage Cell Hog Farm Buffer Basin Treated Water Manure is flushed into a buffer basin, then pumped to concentrators at central plant – showing 3 of 23 farms. Raw Manure Sewage Lines Treated Water Supernatant Digester effluent and concentrator supernatant to lagoons Heated Mixed Methane Digesters (4) Concentrators (4) 6.0% TS slurry to digester Digester Effluent Biogas to Methanol plant Manure Oil/Fat from rendering or soybean or used cooking oil Methanol Glycerine Heat to digester BioMethanol Plant BioMethanol trucked from biomethanol plant to biodiesel plant BioDiesel/Diesel 20/80 Blend BioDiesel Filling station BioDiesel Plant rendering oil/fat, vegetable oil or used cooking is reacted with methanol to synthesize Biodiesel BioDiesel delivery to Filling station Smithfield truck running on BioDiesel Schematic by Prince Dugba 01-08-03

21. Centralized Biogas Production in North Carolina?

22. Economic Feasibility Determination • Projected 10 year annualized cost of the technology (including capital, operation and maintenance) per 1000 # steady state live weight for each category of farm system • Compared to lagoon and spray-field system • Projected revenues, including income from byproducts • Available cost-share monies or other financial assistance from federal, state or other public sources • Impact that the adoption of the technology may have on the competitiveness of the NC pork industry • ID/quantification (if possible) of emissions to environmental media from each category of farm system implementing the technology as compared to lagoon and spray-field system • Estimate of the economic benefits to NC households arising from the changes in emissions to environmental media resulting from implementation of the technology

23. APWMC Web Address • www.cals.ncsu.edu/waste_mgt/ • (follow prompts that reference NC Attorney General Agreements - progress reports, descriptions, presentations, etc.)