Catch up and review for Exam 1

1. Catch up and review for Exam 1 Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology

2. Quiz 4: Due Fri. Feb. 5 (by midnight) • Exam 1: on Tuesday • Mixture of multiple choice and short answer • Review sessions after labs this week (DEG 19) • University college writing help: • http://www.ucollege.ilstu.edu/tutoring/writing/ • Online CITI ethics training due week 5 • http://psychology.illinoisstate.edu/jccutti/psych231/f16/fall2016ethics.html • Lab Exercise change. Replaced the ethics exercise with another APA style exercise (Ex 61, LM 117-122) Announcements

3. Two basic categories of ethical concerns: • Need to consider the rights of our participants in our research • Need to behave ethically as scientists and practitioners Ethical Responsibilities in Research

4. Two basic categories of ethical concerns: • Need to consider the rights of our participants in our research • Need to behave ethically as scientists and practitioners (Integrity, Fidelity & Responsibility) (video | video) • Fraud prevention • Replication – repeat a research study to validate results • Peer Review – critical analysis of research by peers in the same area • Plagiarism – taking credit for another’s work or ideas • Avoided by citing the ideas or words of others Scientific Integrity

5. Dirty tricks (this will get you thrown out) • Questionable tricks (these are a little fuzzier, but be wary) • Neat tricks (accepted as okay, and sometimes necessary) Ethics in Science Quiz Ethical responsibility to science

6. Dirty tricks (this will get you thrown out) • Questionable tricks (these are a little fuzzier, but be wary) • Neat tricks (accepted as okay, and sometimes necessary) • Fabrication of results • Little or no attempt to minimize biases from demand characteristics • Reformulating your theory as you go • Falsifying credentials • Plagiarism • Little or no attempt to minimize confounds • Deliberately hiding (significant) errors in published work Ethics in Science Quiz DT QT NT DT DT QT DT Ethical responsibility to science

7. Dirty tricks (this will get you thrown out) • Questionable tricks (these are a little fuzzier, but be wary) • Neat tricks (accepted as okay, and sometimes necessary) • Throwing out data • Reorganizing order of report of experiments • Violations of underlying statistical assumptions • Strategic graphing of the data • Duplicate publications (presented as new) • Selective reporting of the results • Leaving out some bad experiments (not bad results) Ethics in Science Quiz QT or DT depends reason for throwing out NT QT QT DT QT NT Ethical responsibility to science

8. Applying psychological research: Think about the ethics of the application of psychological research findings on video games • Gaming can make a better world: Jane McGonigal • Video (~ 20 mins) • Neurogaming: What’s neuroscience and ethics got to do with it? – Exploring ethics • video (3 related talks, total ~80 mins) • The ethics of exploiting psychological research in video games: Johnny Soraker • video (~15 mins) Ethical responsibility to society

9. Coverage • Textbook (chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 8), lectures, & labs • Scientific method • Psychological Science • Getting ideas • Developing (good) research ideas • Reviewing the literature • Ethics • Basic methodologies • Multiple choice and short answer questions Exam 1

10. Type of knowledge Objective Subjective having existence outside of a person’s mind (“real”) existing in a person’s mind Rationalism Scientific Method Analysis Empiricism Deduction Observation Ways of knowing Persuasion Tenacity Faith Intuition Authority Instruction Regulation (rules & laws) Acceptance Methods of Inquiry

11. new hypotheses systematic observations predictions new hypotheses systematic observations predictions hypotheses The Scientific Method • A method used to test and analyze claims about behavior • Uses systematic observation and experimentation • 4 Cannons of the Scientific method: • Empiricism, Determinism, Parsimony, Testability • A 6 step process observations Methods of Inquiry

12. Simplest Complex • Psychology’s goals are similar to the goals of the physical sciences (e.g., physics and chemistry) • Psychologists are concerned with the behavior of people (and animals) rather than the physical world. • Description of behavior • Describe events, what changes affect change, what might be related to what, etc. • Prediction of behavior • Given X what will likely happen • Control of behavior • For the purpose of interventions (e.g., how do we prevent violence in schools) • Causes of behavior • Sometimes predictions aren’t enough, want to know how the X and the outcome are related • Develop specific theories • Explanation of behavior • A completetheory of the how’s and why’s Psychology as a science

13. Where do ideas come from? • Curiosity • Observation • Common Sense • Past research • Identify a problem • Evaluating your research ideas • Focus: Is your idea specified enough to be manageable • ROT rule: • Replicable - one time deal? • Observable - can you measure it? • Testable - can you test it & can you falsify it? Research ideas

14. What are the underlying motivations for doing a review of the literature? • Getting ideas. • What has been done, what hasn’t been done? • Understanding the relevant theories. • What variables are important? • Avoid past mistakes. • Primary vs. Secondary Sources • advantages and disadvantages of each • Using PsycINFO Why review the literature

15. Observational approaches: Data collection • How do we observe the behaviors of interest? • Naturalistic observation • Participant observation • Survey & interviews • Archival data • Systematic (contrived) observation • Experiments • Advantages and disadvantages of each approach Direct Observation Observation without manipulation Observational Methods

16. Case studies • Intensive study of a small set of individuals and their behaviors • Correlational • Looking for a co-occurrence relationship between two (or more) variables • Quasi-experimental • Experimental designs with one or more non-random variables • Experimental • Investigating the cause-and-effect relationship between two (or more) variables through the manipulation of variables Know the advantages and disadvantages of each type Types of research designs

17. The basic parts of a research article: • Abstract • Body • Introduction • Methods • Participants • Materials/Apparatus • Design • Procedure • Results • Discussion • References • The rest • Authors Notes, Footnotes, Tables, Figures & Captions APA style: Parts of a research report

18. 5 General Principles (& many ethical standards) • Beneficence & Non-maleficence • Protection from harm, Cost/Benefits analysis, Confidentiality • Fidelity & Responsibility • Uphold professional and scientific standards of contact • Integrity • Honesty and accuracy in science • Justice • Freedom from coercion • Respect for people’s rights and dignity • Basic courtesy, Informed consent, Debriefing, Avoid deception APA’s code of ethics

19. Consider the rights of our participants • Institutional Review Board • Use of deception • Benefits > Risks • Informed consent • Behave ethically as scientists and practitioners • Replication – repeat a research study to validate results • Peer Review – critical analysis of research by peers in the same area • Plagiarism – taking credit for another’s work or ideas • Avoided by citing the ideas or words of others Selected Ethical Standards