Remainder of the Respiratory System...

1. Remainder of the Respiratory System...

2. From last class... • Any problems with the homework? (Worksheets, SR questions?) • Did you copy down/describe Figure 8.20? • Define the following terms: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume. • What is respiratory efficiency? (page 264)

3. Counter-current Flow • We have already touched on the idea of counter-current flow, which occurs in ___________ by their specialized ventilation structure, the __________. • While water flows from the front of the fish towards the back, the blood vessels lining the gills are arranged so that blood flows in the opposite direction (back to front). • As blood flows past the gills, the most oxygen-depleted blood (coming from body) meets the most oxygen-depleted water. • Concentration of oxygen in the blood is so low, that the concentration of oxygen in the low-oxygen water is even higher. What will happen to the oxygen? ______________ • As blood moves forward, it becomes richer in oxygen, but is still not as oxygen-rich as the water. Therefore, the oxygen _____________ into the blood. • THE LEVEL OF OXYGEN IN THE BLOOD NEVER REACHES THAT OF OXYGEN IN THE WATER. THEREFORE, OXYGEN NATURALLY ________________ INTO THE BLOOD ALONG THE GILLS.

4. The numbers represent the comparative amount of oxygen in the water and blood vessels. Notice how the amount of oxygen in the water is always higher than the amount of oxygen in the blood. Therefore, oxygen will _______________ into the blood.

5. Counter-Current Mammalian Which system is more efficient? Why do you think this is necessary?

6. Respiratory System in Birds • Birds need a of oxygen in order to fly for long periods of time. • The arctic tern migrates half-way around the world each year! • Why would they need an increased amount of oxygen in their body cells? ________________________________________________________________________________________ • They have a specialized respiratory system.

7. Birds have a series of air sacs that branch out from the two lungs. • Air sacs permeate most cavities of the bird – even some bones! • Number of air sacs varies from species to species • Air sacs have tubes connecting them to the lungs. • Two kinds of air sacs: • Anterior: _____________ and Posterior: ___________ • NO GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS IN THESE SACS. • Function: to ventilate the lungs in a highly efficient manner. • In a mammal: arrangement means that much air that makes contact with the respiratory surface is air left over form the last act of inspiration. • In birds: true circulation of air.

8. Fresh air is continually moved across the lung surface, whether the bird is inhaling or exhaling. • THEREFORE, oxygenated respiratory medium in contact with the moist respiratory surface of the lungs at all times. • Additionally, the bird’s circulatory system arranged in a fashion in which counter-current exchange occurs. Two adaptations of bird’s respiratory system: ___________________ and ____________________________________________.

10. Seatwork/Homework SR, page 267, #1-4

11. 8.4 – Control and Regulation • For the most part, breathing is an unconscious act. • Do you THINK about breathing when you are sleeping, studying, resting, reading, watching TV? • Breathing, along with many other body reflexes, is controlled by a part of the brain called the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

12. The Control of Breathing • we quickly lose control over our own breathing when we change environments (high altitude) or level of activity. • Since muscles need oxygen, a lack of sufficient oxygen will lead to an increased breathing rate. • Study: people seem to breath at an equal rate when in an oxygen tank or in normal air. Levels of oxygen do not affect breathing rate. How do we know this?: _____________________ • ____________________________________________

13. Increase in CO2 in the body leads to a quicker breathing rate. • Increased physical exertion  increased cellular respiration  increased emission of CO2 from cells. • This CO2 enters the bloodstream and goes passed the lungs. If there is an extraneous amount of CO2 in the blood, not all CO2 will be able to be exchanged into the lungs, and will continue to the MEDULLA OBLONGATA. • The medulla oblongata sends nerve impulses to initiate faster movement of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm.

15. Other factors... • O2 levels DO play a SMALL part in breathing rate • Aorta (main artery at top of heart) and carotid (brings blood to brain) contain chemoreceptors that respond to oxygen levels. When low, sends stimuli to the medulla oblongata  increase breathing. • Inspiratory Volume • Inhaling more air than normal  lungs and alveoli stretch  stretch receptors in walls of alveoli send signals  medulla oblongata  stop inhalation.

16. Breathing at High Altitudes • ‘Thin Air’: therefore less oxygen. • Hypoxia: Altitude Sickness • Lack of energy, shortness of breath, headaches, nausea. • Symptoms will subside after a couple weeks. • temporary adaptations to meet challenge of gas exchange at high altitudes. • When first at high altitudes, body cannot extract enough oxygen from the air to meet metabolic needs.

17. Temporary Adaptations: • Respiratory • Increased breathing rate. • Circulatory • Production of more red blood cells. ________________________________________________ So what would happen to this individual with these temporary adaptations when they return to normal altitudes? _____________________________________________

18. Training in High Altitudes • Many serious athletes train in higher altitudes. • Within a few weeks, red blood cell count drops to normal.

19. Populations in High Altitude • Some populations have evolved at high altitudes, showing genetic adaptations. • More alveoli • More lung capillaries http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0224_040225_evolution.html

20. Coach’s Corner • Read the Thinking Lab on page 269. We will have a short discussion on the questions.

21. Respiratory Impairment • Human respiratory system can usually adjust quickly to meet physical demands. • If internal body or external environment changes too much, process of respiration will be limited. • Some causes of Respiratory Failure: 1) Drowning 2) Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 3) Smoking 4) Air Pollution

22. Drowning • Laryngospasm • Reflex closing of the larynx • In up to 10% of drowning cases, it is due to own body’s ‘asphyxiation’ rather than result of water entering the lungs. • Fresh water Drowning • Water washes away lubricating film of alveoli  alveoli collapse and gas exchange ends. • Salt water Drowning • Salt water has very high concentration of _______. Fluid from capillaries will be drawn from the __________________ to the _______________. THIS fluid builds up and prevents gas exchange to occur. Remember: the water in lakes and oceans contain oxygen gas! If the lubricating film was not washed away, or if fluid from the blood did not build up in the alveoli, gas exchange could still occur.

23. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Binds to oxygen receptors in red blood cells 200X more tightly than oxygen. • Therefore: __________________________________. • Symptoms similar to those of hypoxia. • People with CO poisoning suffocate but can breath. Why? ___________________________________________. • Smoking • Cilia paralyzed • Contains carbon monoxide • Tar causes brittle lungs and lung cancer. • Air Pollution • Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, and methane  asthma (sudden constriction of bronchial tubules). • Smog: in urban areas. Combination of pollutants, heat, and sunlight  similar affects as cigarette smoke.

24. Investigation • We will do the investigation on page 271 together.

25. Seatwork/Homework • Section Review, page 273 • #1, 2, 4.

26. Transport & Circulation Chapter 9

27. Interesting Facts • Your hand contains over a km of blood vessels. • No cell in your hand is more than a cell’s width away from a blood vessel. • Why is it important for human body cells to be in contact with a circulatory system? • Cells need to take in ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ • Cells need to expel __________________________________________________

28. The Task of Transporation • Plants transport material through _________________________ tissue. • ____________ transports water and minerals UP through a plant. • ____________ transports sugar/food DOWN through a plant. OTHER ORGANISMS HAVE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS!

29. Simple Transport • Amoeba: single-celled Protist. • Animal-like protist: ____________________________. • Respiratory gases and nutrients enter/exit cell through diffusion or active transport across the cell membrane. • Cnidaria: simple, multicellular animals. • Hydra and jellyfish. • Fluid taken in through mouth. Requirements necessary for cellular respiration brought from body cavity to every cell  no specialized circulatory system. • Planaria: a type of flatworm. • High metabolic rate (energy-requiring processes) • Can rely on diffusion • Digestive cavity  all cells of body SIMPLE TRANSPORT OCCURS MOSTLY THROUGH DIFFUSION.

30. Let’s Bring it back to the Basics • On the board, write out the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration. • Indicate how the respiratory system applies to this equation. • How do you think the Circulatory system applies to this?

31. Specialized Transport Systems • Most multicellular organisms cannot rely on diffusion or active transport to bring materials from the external environment to cells of the internal tissues. • Two major types of complex systems evolved: 1) Open 2) Closed

32. 1) Open • Ex// grasshopper • Only one large blood vessel: aorta. • Aorta carries blood into the body cavity, which is subdivided into sinuses (chambers) that bring blood/body fluids into contact with internal cells. • Co-ordinated movements of the body helps move blood around inside of the insect. • Blood bathes the cells directly. • OPEN TRANSPORT SYSTEM: a transport system in which blood is not always contained within blood vessels. • Fluid can ‘slosh’ back and forth: not great for larger organisms.

33. 2) Closed • Include annelids and vertebrates. • Annelids: ___________________________ • Vertebrates: ________________________ • CLOSED TRANSPORT SYSTEM: blood does not bathe cells directly, but is pumped through a network of vessels in close proximity to cells. • BLOOD CIRCULATES IN ONE DIRECTION!

34. 4 Examples of Closed Transport Systems: • Circulation in Annelids (earthworms) • Circulation in Fish • Circulation in Amphibians (frogs & salamanders) • Circulation in Birds and Mammals WE WILL FOCUS ON MAMMALS FIRST.

35. Seatwork/Homework • SR, Page 287. #1, 2, 5, 6.

36. The Mammalian Circulatory System • There are three major parts of the human circulatory system: • Pulmonary • Cardiac • Systemic

38. Pulmonary • Brings blood from the heart to the lungs, and back to the heart. • Why would we want blood to go to the lungs? _________________________ • Why would we want that blood to go back to the heart? ___________________

39. Cardiac • Blood flow within the heart. • This is where blood gets pumped to go the rest of the body (lungs or body). • Why is this blood flow necessary?: _____________________________________

40. Systemic • Blood from the heart goes to most body cells. • 80-90% of blood is in your systemic system. • Which parts of your body might the systemic system serve? _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

41. Overview of the Circulatory System: • What is the point of the human circulatory system? ____________________________________________ • We have: • A heart (pumps blood) • A pulmonary system (from heart to lungs to heart) • A systemic system (from heart to body to heart) • If given these three components, how would you organize them in order to meet the demands of the body? Why?

42. Overview of the Circulatory System (II):

43. Blood Vessels • Away from the heart: arteries and arterioles. • To the heart: veins and venules. • Super small arterioles and venules: capillaries. • Transport oxygen and nutrients TO body cells and carry carbon dioxide and waste FROM body cells.

44. Capillaries: • Transport O2, glucose, and nutrients to the body cells. • Takes wastes and CO2 away from the body cells. Capillaries are the tiniest of the tiniest blood vessels. They branch ‘in’ to one another to form venules. Venules then branch in to one another to form veins.

45. Artery  arteriole  capillary  venule  vein

46. Are there adaptations to our blood vessels? • Of course there are!.. If there wasn’t we would be dead/extinct. • Every centimetre of our body has some kind of adaptation that we don’t even think about.

47. Check this out... • How can blood make it back to the heart (pump?) • (Note: aorta, arterioles, capillaries, and veins)

48. Arteries vs. Veins • Arteries are built for: • Pressure • Stamina • They have elastic/strong walls (for waves of blood: this is what you feel when you take your pulse). • Veins are built for: • Keeping blood from going ‘backwards.’ • The blood in veins have little ‘push’ • Therefore, veins are equipped with valves that prevent blood from flowing backward.

49. Adaptations of Arteries and Veins: • Arteries: • Larger, more elastic vessels • Veins: • Smaller. • Valves to keep back-flow.

50. Capillaries: Artery  arteriole  _____________  venule  vein. REMEMBER THAT IN THIS CASE, THE BLOOD NEVER LEAVES THE CAPILLARIES. ONLY FLUIDS/GASES CAN MOVE BETWEEN CELLS AND BLOOD.