Department of Animal Science North Carolina State University

1. Understanding and Applying Nutrition Concepts to Reduce Nutrient Excretion in Swine Department of Animal Science North Carolina State University

2. Outline NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Introduction • General strategies to reduce nutrient excretion • Methods to reduce Nitrogen excretion • Methods to reduce Phosphorus excretion • Reducing Micro-mineral excretion

3. Balance between animal production and crop production NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Animal production has developed into an intensive industry • production facilities are large and clustered together • feedstuffs are shipped in from crop-producing regions • Animal waste not used as a fertilizer • too expensive to ship to crop-producing regions • Alternative methods to deal with waste where found: • Store and treat (eliminates N and C) in lagoons • Apply to crop land based on N (which may over-apply P)

4. Manure nutrient utilization NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Nutrients in manure should be utilized • process to yield usable products • applied to crop land such that a balance is maintained us Jongbloed & Lenis, 1993

5. Amounts of N output for different classes of swine, calculated for a 100 sow equivalent (89 productive sows) NC STATE UNIVERSITY

6. Digestion and retention of N, P, Cu and Zn by different classes of swine NC STATE UNIVERSITY

7. Efficiency of nutrient utilization and waste NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Nitrogen retention is only 30%

8. General Nutritional Strategies to Reduce Nutrient Excretion NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Feed Efficiency Improving feed efficiency by 0.1 points ==> 3.3% reduction in nutrient excretion • Pelleting Dry matter and N excretion decreased by 23 and 22% Feed efficiency was improved by 6.6%

9. General Nutritional Strategies to Reduce Nutrient Excretion (continued) NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Feed Wastage Reduction in feed wastage of 2% ==> reduction in N and P in manure by approximately 3% • Matching Nutrient Requirements Multi-phase feeding reduced urinary N excretion by 15% Ammonia emission was reduced by 17%

10. Nutrient requirements and phase feeding NC STATE UNIVERSITY 6-phase feeding program 2-Phase feeding program Lysine Requirement

11. Phase-feeding in Pig Production NC STATE UNIVERSITY - 13%

12. Savings in feed costs with phase feeding NC STATE UNIVERSITY

13. General Nutritional Strategies to Reduce Nutrient Excretion (continued) NC STATE UNIVERSITY Concentrations of selected minerals in sow and grower-finisher feeds

14. Methods to Reduce N excretion and Ammonia Emission NC STATE UNIVERSITY

15. Nitrogen flow in swine NC STATE UNIVERSITY N Intake, 100% Fecal N, 15% Ammonia, 20% Digestible N, 85% Available N, 80% Urinary N, 50% Manure, 45% Retained N, 35%

16. Metabolism Crates NC STATE UNIVERSITY

17. Feeds are not digested completely: indigestible fraction contributes to waste NC STATE UNIVERSITY Digestion Protein ‘Undigested N’ Fecal N Amino acids Protein

18. Improving digestibility of feed 1% decreases waste 1.4% NC STATE UNIVERSITY The digestibility of feeds can be improved through: • technological treatments (pelleting, extrusion, etc,) • Enzymes • Xylanases and beta-glucanases - degrade non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) • Improve digestibility of nitrogen 2-3% in typical diets • Proteases, (hemi) cellulases are being developed

19. NC STATE UNIVERSITY Digestion of feed causes the animal to loose nitrogen directly through endogenous losses Digestion Protein ‘Undigested N’ Fecal N Endogenous excretion Amino acids Protein

20. 25% of the endogenous secretions end up as waste NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Animal secretes enzymes/protein during the digestive process • only 75% reabsorbed • Loss is accounted for in ileal digestibility tables

21. Feed induced loss of NLosses (catabolism) associated with the synthesis of endogenous secretions NC STATE UNIVERSITY Digestion Protein ‘Undigested N’ Fecal N inefficiency Endogenous excretion Amino acids NH3 Protein

22. 30% of the amino acids targeted for endogenous secretions are catabolized NC STATE UNIVERSITY • For the synthesis of these endogenous secretions, some amino acids are catabolized (losses due to inefficiencies) • Feedstuffs can influence endogenous secretions, and thus endogenous losses and endogenous-linked catabolism • neutral detergent fiber increases endogenous losses without affecting secretion or catabolism • trypsin inhibitors increases endogenous secretions, thus catabolism as well as secretion • Digestibility tables do not account for these losses!

23. Amino acids which can not be utilized for protein synthesis are catabolized NC STATE UNIVERSITY Digestion Protein ‘Undigested N’ Fecal N inefficiency Endogenous excretion Amino acids NH3 energy Protein

24. A large proportion of nitrogen is wasted because feeds are not idealy balanced, NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Feed composition determined through least-cost formulation: • diet of minimal cost to meet nutritional needs • Pigs require amino acids, not protein

25. Ileal true digestible amino acid patterns for pigs in three different weight classes NC STATE UNIVERSITY

26. Balance trial for pigs fed a corn-soybean meal-dried whey (C-SBM-DW) diet or a purified amino acid diet NC STATE UNIVERSITY N Excretion was reduced by 28%

27. Effect of low protein diets on N excretion and ammonia emission NC STATE UNIVERSITY N Excretion was reduced by 9% for each 1% reduction in CP N in the air was reduced by 8% for each 1% reduction in CP

28. NC STATE UNIVERSITY Cost or value of reducing CP in a corn-soybean meal based diet Cost/ton Lysine, lbs/ton Corn $90, SBM $180, Lysine-HCl $2400, Methionine $2700, Threonine $2.63/lb, Tryptophan $15.80/lb

29. Ammonia is mainly derived from N excreted in urine: capturing some of the N in feces reduces ammonia emission NC STATE UNIVERSITY Digestion fermentation Protein ‘Undigested N’ Fecal N inefficiency Endogenous excretion Amino acids NH3 Urea Urinary urea energy urease inefficiency NH4+ Protein NH3 (l) NH3 (g) 85% of ammonia is derived from urea (Voermans, 1994)

30. Fiber reduces urinary N, thus ammonia emission NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Nitrogen excretion can be shifted from urine to feces • supply non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in diet • source of energy for microbes in large intestines • stimulates growth of microbes, and thus nitrogen accretion • Increasing NSP intake with 100 g/day: • decreases ammonia emission 5% (partially due to a decrease in manure pH) • Caution: • NSP decrease nitrogen digestion • NSP might well increase odor emission

31. Swine Malodor Emission Laboratory NC STATE UNIVERSITY

32. Methods to Reduce P Excretion NC STATE UNIVERSITY

33. Functions of Phosphorus NC STATE UNIVERSITY • 80 to 85% of P is found in bone • Non-skeletal P is concentrated in Red Blood Cells, Muscle, and Nerve Tissue • Present in Phosphoproteins, Nucleoproteins, Phospholipids, Phosphocreatine and ATP • Membrane Structure • Energy Metabolism • Buffer System

34. Reducing Phosphorus Excretion Through Nutrition NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Feed to meet the Pigs Requirement • Reduce excess levels in feed • Feed multiple phases • Use available P levels rather than total • Ingredient values • Pig requirement • Use of phytase or low phytic acid ingredients

35. Available P levels in diets formulated to contain 0.5% total P NC STATE UNIVERSITY

36. Enzymes have many environmental benefitsPhytase NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Phytate is an indigestible form of phosphorus • corn: 90% of phosphorus bound in phytate • soybean meal: 75% of phosphorus bound in phytate • Phytase • improves digestibility of phytate • reduces phosphorus excretion 32% • improves nitrogen digestibility 2% • routinely used in Europe

37. Estimated cost of phytase supplementation using least cost diet formulation NC STATE UNIVERSITY

38. Low Phytate Corn NC STATE UNIVERSITY Cromwell, 1999 Total P Available P: 0.35 0.26 0.18 0.09 0.45 0.37 0.28 0.20 Availability of P was set at 20% for corn and 75% for low phytate corn

39. Low Phytate Corn and Phytase NC STATE UNIVERSITY Total P: 0.55 0.45 0.45 0.35 -- 23% 35% 51% Reduction in P Excretion:

40. Reducing the Excretion ofMicro-Minerals NC STATE UNIVERSITY

41. Excretion of zinc and copper by different classes of swine* NC STATE UNIVERSITY

42. Effect of Reducing Zn and Cu in pig diets on Zn and Cu excretion in waste NC STATE UNIVERSITY Treatments

43. Growth Performance of Nursery and Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed Reduced Levels of Trace-Minerals NC STATE UNIVERSITY

44. Effect of Reducing Trace-Mineral Levels on Mineral Excretion NC STATE UNIVERSITY

45. Bottom line NC STATE UNIVERSITY • Phase Feeding ===> 15 % • Reducing N • Lowering CP (1.5%) ===> 13.6 % • Adding lysine + methionine ==> 22.1 % • Adding other AA + feedstuffs => 30.6 % • Reducing P • Lower Requirement ===> 15.7 % • Adding Phytase ===> 26.5 % • Phytase + feedstuffs ===> 41.0 % • Reducing Zn and Cu • Lower dietary levels ===> 30 - 50% • But; many of these reductions in waste can only be achieved if a higher production cost is acceptable Jongbloed and Lenis, 1992 Creech, 1998

46. NC STATE UNIVERSITY The End