Global Nationalism and Revolution Comparison 1900-1939

1. End of Chapter 14 /Chapter 15 Revolution and Nationalism 1900-1939

2. “Political Power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” -Mao Zedong • “Victory attained by violence is tantamount to a defeat, for it is momentary.” - Mohandas K Gandhi

3. Today • Announcements • Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East Section 15-3

4. Big Picture Chapter 14/15 is about the development of several countries before WWII. (1900-1939) • There will be revolts driven by Nationalism in Russia, China, India, Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia and places in Africa • Russia and China will become Communist • India will be granted limited self-rule from Britain • The Ottoman Empire will break down and The Republic of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia • African countries will have a rise in nationalism to get control

5. Chapter 14/15 OverviewNationalism and Revolution Around the World1910-1939 • Revolution-massive change sometimes using force • Nationalism-extreme pride in your country or ethnicity. The want to overthrow foreign leaders to be ruled by your own nationality. • Why do you think this trend is on the rise between 1910-1939? • Chapter Objective-How did Nationalism and Revolution shape world events in the early 1900’s? Revolutions and Nationalist Movements we will cover: Russian Revolution (477-483) Revolutions in Latin America (490-494) Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East (496-502) Nationalism in India (503-506) Revolutions in China (507-511)

6. Chapter 14 Section 5Russian Revolution and Civil War

7. Objectives • Explain the causes of the March Revolution. • Describe the goals of Lenin and the Bolsheviks • Outline how the Communists defeated their opponents in Russia’s civil war. • Analyze how the Communist state developed under Lenin.

8. Terms and People • proletariat−working class • soviet−acouncil of workers and soldiers • Cheka−early Soviet secret police force • commissar−Communist party official assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty

9. How did two revolutions and a civil war bring about Communist control of Russia? During the war years, Russia faced increased problems at home. Initially, the goals of the revolution were to end the war and solve the problems that the Revolution of 1905 had not. The March Revolution brought the overthrow of the tsar and the November Revolution brought the end of the provisional government. Lenin and his successor, Stalin, created a Communist Russia.

10. Despite talk of reform after the Revolution of 1905, Tsar Nicholas did little to solve Russia’s problems. • Rulers lived in luxury while their people lived in poverty. • Corruption was rampant. • The Duma had no real power.

11. World War I united many Russians, but the war strained the country’s mismanaged resources. • Factories couldn’t produce enough military supplies. • The transportation system couldn’t deliver food and supplies to the battlefields. • Many soldiers had no guns and no ammunition. • Millions of soldiers died.

12. Russians lost confidence in the government. • Tsar Nicholas traveled to the front but proved to be a poor military leader. • Tsarina Alexandra ignored the continued food and fuel shortages at home. • Her reliance on the “mad monk” Rasputin further eroded public confidence in the government. In March, 1917, workers went on strike, and people filled the streets chanting, “Bread, bread!”

13. Rasputin Alexandra and Nicholas II Rasputin- a self described holy man that claimed to have mystical powers

14. Revolutionaries had other ideas. With disaster on the battlefield and protests at home, Nicholas abdicated. The Duma set up a temporary government and began to write a constitution to create a Russian republic.

15. There were two socialist revolutionary groups in Russia.

16. The Bolsheviks were led by V. I. Lenin, a Marxist, who • Urged workers to unite and overthrow capitalism • Called for unity among workers and farmers • Promised “Peace, Land,and Bread”

17. In November 1917, Lenin’s followers seized power. The Bolsheviks, renamed Communists, made changes quickly.

18. Trotsky created a Red Army using former tsarist officers led by commissars. The army was well led and well positioned in the center of Russia to fight against the Whites. A brutal civil war broke out between the Communists, known as “Reds,” and their opponents, known as “Whites.” In 1918, the former tsar and his family were shot. By 1921, the Red Army had taken control of Russia.

19. Romanov Family Exectued

20. Anna Anderson and Anastasia

21. In the early years of the revolution, Lenin adopted a policy of “war communism” and took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads. Lenin changed course. His New Economic Policy, a compromise with capitalism, helped the economy recover. This policy brought the economy to near collapse, and many suffered.

23. In 1922, Lenin united Russian lands into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and adopted a new constitution. • The government had an elected legislature. • Citizens gained the right to vote. • Workers were given control of the means of production.

24. Realizing that there was no proletariat in Russia, Lenin created a government where the Communists were the leaders, not the people. • Russians lived in fear of secret police and prison camps. • Lenin died in 1924. His successor, Joseph Stalin, would prove to be a more ruthless dictator than any of those before him.

28. Today • Review Russian Revolution from yesterday • Review activity on Latin America and what you learned last trimester • Chapter 15-1 notes on Latin America • Quick Kahoot • Cartel video on Mexico to tie in modern day government problems for Mexico

29. What did you learn about Latin America in World History A last trimester? • Board Race • Directions: In teams you will race to the board and write down as many ideas, terms, people or phrases that apply to what you learned last trimester in World History A. • Example- Most of Latin America was colonized by Spain • Each person can only go up once to the board!!!!!!

30. Chapter 15 Section 1Revolts and Nationalism in Latin America

31. Things to think about: • What did you learn last trimester in World History A about Latin America? • Does Latin America have strong developed countries or, weak unstable countries? • Why is there such a problem with illegal immigration and drug cartels in this region? • *What you learn in World A and World B will help give answers to these questions*

32. Your life in Latin America: • You are a poor peasant Indian working on a hacienda (large farm) • Your people have gained independence from Spain by 1810 but you wonder why so many foreign companies own land • You slave everyday and never see the benefits as the land owner makes all the money-pay is very small • The government allows foreign nations to exploit the natural resources like oil which could be developed to give Mexicans high paying jobs. • If you are a woman you have no rights in your marriage and you cannot vote

33. How did Latin Americans struggle for change in the early 1900s? Latin America’s economy was booming in the early 1900s, but it was highly dependent on foreign, industrialized countries. From military dictatorships to constitutional democracies, Latin American countries struggled to create governments that reflected the nationalist goals of their citizens.

34. Latin America in the early 1900s

35. By 1910, the dictator Porfirio Díaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years. • During this time, foreign investors developed Mexico’s resources and the economy grew. • But discontent rippled through all levels of society. • Many poor peasants labored on haciendas or worked in factories for low wages. • The urban middle class wanted democracy. • The elite resented the power of foreign companies.

36. Faced with widespread rebellion, Díaz resigned. • Madero was democratically elected in 1911. • Within two years he was assassinated by one of his generals, Victoriano Huerta, who became a dictator. In 1910, liberal reformer Francisco Madero demanded free elections.

37. Peasants Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata joined forces with rich landowner Venustiano Carranza to defeat Huerta. • Villa and Zapata wanted to make broad changes to improve peasants’ lives, but Carranza disagreed. • After they defeated Huerta, Carranza turned on Villa and Zapata and defeated them.

38. In 1917, Carranza was elected president of Mexico. He reluctantly approved a new constitution, which, with amendments, is still in force today. Constitution of 1917 • Land reforms • Religious reforms • Labor reforms • Suffrage • Women’s rights

39. The Constitution of 1917

40. After Carranza was overthrown in 1920, fighting in Mexico continued throughout the decade. In 1929, the government organized what later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRI dominated Mexican politics from the 1930s until the free election of 2000.

41. Vicente Fox-former president who broke the PRI election cycle in 200 Enrique Nieto-current Mexican President

42. The PRI:

43. As the Mexican government restored order, it began to carry out reforms in the 1920s and 1930s. • In the 1920s, the government helped some Indian communities regain their lands. • President Lázaro Cárdenas redistributed millions of acres of land to peasants in the 1930s.

44. In 1938, President Cárdenas nationalized Mexico’s oil resources and compensated American and British oil companies for their losses. The Mexican government supported labor unions and set up schools and libraries to combat illiteracy. Mexico became the first Latin American nation to pursue real social and economic reforms for the majority of its people.

45. Economic nationalism grew in Latin America in the 1920s and 1930s. • World War I and the Great Depression caused hardships. Foreign demand for Latin American exports fell, while the cost of imported goods rose. • Latin American nations sought to develop their industries and depend less on foreign trade. • Governments invested in industries, raised tariffs, or took over foreign-owned assets. But unequal distribution of wealth held back development.

46. The economic crisis caused people to lose faith in the ruling oligarchies and in liberal government. • Political nationalism led to the rise of strong authoritarian governments. • People hoped that strong leaders could do a better job controlling each nation’s economy.

47. This movement celebrated the culture of Latin American countries, including its Native American roots. • In Mexico, artists such as Diego Rivera created large public murals celebrating the struggle for liberty. At the same time, cultural nationalism was reflected in the work of Latin American artists, writers, and thinkers.

48. The United States continued to play a major role in Latin America. • American investment in Latin American industries grew during and after World War I. • The United States intervened to restore order when its interests were threatened. • For example, the U.S. army invaded Mexico in 1916 after Pancho Villa’s forces killed several Americans.

49. In the 1930s, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt improved relations with Latin America through the Good Neighbor Policy.He: • Withdrew troops from Haiti and Nicaragua. • Removed limits on Cuban independence. • Supported nationalization of Mexico’s oil industry. American intervention stirred up anti-American feelings in Latin America.

50. Latin American RevolutionsPositive and Negative Effects + • Land distributed to peasants and native Indians • New Constitutions and support of labor unions • Women gained more economic rights in workplace and marriage • More schools and programs to combat literacy • Countries gained control of their own natural resources (ex. Mexico and oil) • Foreign countries like the US and British had less power in Latin America • Rise in cultural pride (Mexican murals portraying struggle for independence) - • As world wide depression set in during the 1920’s and 1930’s people started to favor strong authoritarian leaders backed by military • Oligarchies-government power in the hands of a few. • Strong governments have existed ever since • Many leaders throughout Latin America are supported through corruption