Sponge

1. Sponge What does monotheism mean? (If theism means belief in a god, what do you think mono-theism means?)

2. Land of Three FaithsNotes

3. Judaism:Founder/Central Figure • Began in present day Israel • Founded by Abraham (a key figure in ALL 3 of these religions) • Moses led Israelites from Egypt out of slavery. • David: 2nd King of Israel, the young boy who defeated Goliath, eventually succeeds Saul as King of Israel and Judah.

4. Judaism: Holy Book • Torah • First 5 books that contain teachings of Moses • IS the first five books of the Bible • Is accepted as a Holy Book in Islam as well • Written in Hebrew • Read right to left, instead of left to right

5. Dead Sea Scrolls • Found in present-day West Bank • Are the oldest surviving copies of Biblical documents, dating back over 2100 years.

6. Judaism: Followers • Followers are the Hebrews (culturally) and Jews (religious term) • Hebrew is the language they spoke

7. Judaism: Place of Worship • They worship in synagogue or temple Temple – the original place of worship, Solomon’s “temple” Synagogue – modern buildings used for worship. Many referred to as temples as a tribute to the original one.

8. Modern Divisions within Judaism • Orthodox (very religious) • Conservative (traditional, but less rigid than Orthodox) • Reform (the most liberal of the three)

9. Judaism: Name of God • God • Yahweh Judaism: Teacher/Religious Leader • Rabbi

10. Judaism: Characteristics • 10 Commandments given to Moses by God • Kosher—strict dietary laws (“free of contamination”) • Shabbat (Sabbath)-Holy Day—Sundown on Friday to Sundown Saturday – Spent in prayer, resting, family feasting. • Calendar includes five major festivals (including Passover, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur) and two minor ones – Hanukkah, Purim • (Pa-celebrates Exodus from Egypt. R.H.-Jewish New Year, YK – Day of Atonement/pray for forgiveness, H – celebrates religious freedom/victory over Maccabees)

11. The Beginnings of Christianityin Bethlehem Present day Israel

12. Christianity: Founder/Central Figures • Jesus: Son of God, born in Nazareth • Messiah (the anticipated savior) • Disciples: Followers/students of Jesus • Apostles: the “chosen” teachers of Jesus’ message • Paul: Continued to spread Christianity and wrote a good portion of the New Testament

13. Christianity: Holy Book • Bible (originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic/Greek, translated/updated countless times since) 1382-English • Old Testament: the foundation of the Biblical story, the history/customs of the Jews, written hundreds of years before the life of Jesus. • New Testament: written after the birth of Jesus Christ, about his life, teachings, death.

14. Christianity: Followers • Christians Place of Worship • Church • Cathedral (largest church in a diocese) (Basilica – a church blessed by the Pope, 33 in the U.S)

15. Divisions within Christianity • Reformation led by Martin Luther in 16th Century, resulted in formation of many different “branches” of Christianity: Catholic and Protestants - Protestants, Baptists, Orthodox, Presbyterians, Anglicans, Pentecostals, Methodists………..

16. Christianity: Name of God • “Holy Trinity”: God the Father, Jesus the Son and the Holy Spirit Teacher/Religious Leader • Pastor, Priest, Reverend, Preacher

17. Christianity: Characteristics • Gospels: First 4 books of New Testament • Matthew, Mark, Luke, John • Tells story of Jesus • Jesus’ message of love/forgiveness • Drew large crowds • Resurrection: Jesus died on the cross, rose 3 days later and ascended to Heaven 40 days later (Easter) • Sunday is Holy Day

18. Islam: Where it began • Mecca, Saudi Arabia • Birthplace of Muhammad, most sacred city in Islam. • Muslims around world face Mecca 5 times daily for prayer.

19. Islam: Founder/Central Figures • Muhammad: Last and greatest prophet • What is a prophet? Someone sent by Allah (God, to bring people to believe in and worship Him alone. • The Prophetic Tradition of Islam • Adam • Noah • Abraham • Moses • Jesus • Mohammad (the last and greatest)

20. Divisions within Islam • Sunni - believed there was no successor appointed by Muhammad, recognize 4 post-Muhammad caliphs, do not recognize any caliphs alive today; since the 1920s (Most Muslims are Sunni) • Shi’ite (pronounce She-Ite) – believe there were 12 Imams (followers of Muhammad), one in hiding because of sins of Islamic Communnity, but will return before “the end times.”

21. Islam: Holy Book • Qur’an/Koran: exact words revealed to Muhammad by God. • Recorded by scribes during Muhammad’s lifetime. • The primary source of every Muslim’s faith/practice. • Deals with wisdom, beliefs, worship and the law. • Focuses on the relationship between God and His creatures.

22. Islam: Followers • Muslims Place of Worship • Mosque

23. Islam: Name of God • Allah (Arabic for “God”) • Central Theme/Belief: Monotheism – belief in one all-powerful God. • Purpose of humanity is to serve Allah, worship him alone, and lead a moral life. Teacher/Religious Leader • Imam

24. The Five Pillars of Faith(Five Essential Duties each Muslim must carry out.)

25. 1. The Shahada The declaration of faith: "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet" 1

26. 2. The Salat • The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day:* dawn* noon* late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed • Wash before praying. • Face Mecca and use a prayer rug. 2

27. 3. The Zagat • Almsgiving (charitable donations). • Muslims believe that all things belong to God. • Zagat means both “purification” and “growth.” • About 2.5% of your income. 3

28. 4. The Sawm • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. • Considered a method of self- purification. • No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 4

29. 5. The Hajj • The pilgrimage to Mecca. • Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime by all that are physically/financially able. • 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year. 5

30. 5. The Hajj • Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the titlehajji to their name. 5

31. Other Islamic Religious Practices • Up to four wives allowed at once. • No alcohol or pork. • No gambling. • Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living. • Three holiest cities in Islam:* Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.