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Core Concepts in Pharmacology

Core Concepts in Pharmacology. Chapter 5 Pharmacokinetics. Therapeutic effect and target cells. What is the relationship between therapeutic effect and target cells? What is the greatest barrier to achieving the therapeutic effect?

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Core Concepts in Pharmacology

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  1. Core Concepts in Pharmacology Chapter 5 Pharmacokinetics

  2. Therapeutic effect and target cells • What is the relationship between therapeutic effect and target cells? • What is the greatest barrier to achieving the therapeutic effect? • What physiologic processes hinder the achievement of therapeutic effects?

  3. Substance Passage Through Plasma Membranes • What role does diffusion play in achieving the therapeutic effect? • Compare and contrast the two processes involved in diffusion.

  4. Four Components of Pharmacokinetics • Absorption • Distribution • Metabolism • Excretion What do you remember about these processes?

  5. What do you think? • What other organs are involved in excretion? • What effect will liver or kidney impairment have on the pharmacokinetics of medication. • What are the implications for the prescriber? • What are the implications for the nurse administering the prescribed drugs?

  6. First Pass Effect • Figure 5.4 What is the problem with the first pass effect? What can be done to bypass the first pass effect?

  7. Plasma Proteins and Drug Distribution • Drugs bind with plasma proteins • Drug protein complexes • Capillary membranes impermeable • Drug does not reach target cells • Drugs and other agents compete for plasma proteins • Affinity • Increasing blood levels • Toxicity

  8. Therapeutic response and plasma drug level • Direct relationship • What nursing responsibility is essential when administering drugs with low safety profiles? • Define: • Minimum effective concentration • Toxic concentration • Therapeutic range

  9. Achieving and Maintaining Therapeutic Concentrations • Repeated dose scheduling • Drug accumulates in blood stream • Plateau reached • Amount administered = amount excreted

  10. Differentiate between Loading Dose and Maintenance Dose • Loading Dose • Higher amount of given drug What is the benefit to administering a loading dose? • Maintenance Dose • Doses administered at intermittent (scheduled) times What is the purpose of maintenance doses?

  11. Plasma half-life (t ½) • Describes drugs duration of action • Describe h0w the frequency of dosing differs depending upon the drugs half-life. • How does renal or liver disease affect drug half-life?

  12. Application problem • ciprofloxacin hydrocholride (Cipro) has a half-life of 4 hours. • You administer a 500 mg oral dose of ciprofloxacin. How long will it take to have less than 1o mg of that dose circulating?

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