Gravity as Entropic Force

1. Gravity as Entropic Force Xiao-Gang He NTU Talk at USTC on April 16th In collaboration with Bo-Qiang Ma ? X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, Black Holes and Photons with Entropic Force, arXiv: 1003:1625 X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, Quantization of Black Holes, arXiv: 1003:2510

2. Newton’s laws of motion and gravity Newton’s theory unified description of motions for observable objects on the Earth and in the sky. It only states how the laws work, but not why they work.

3. Einstein’s theory of general relativity Gravity from curvature of space and time

4. Four kinds of forces （四种相互作用力） No confirmed evidence for graviton!

5. Unification of gravity with other interactionsUnification of gravity with quantum theory Dream of physicists for decades Many attempts: extra-dimension, supersymmetry, string and etc

6. ???????Erik Verlinde Erik P. Verlinde , ``On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton”, arXiv:1001.0785 [hep-th] Erik Peter Verlinde (born 21 January 1962, Woudenberg) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and string theorist. The Verlinde formula, which is important in conformal field theory and topological field theory, is named after him. His research deals with string theory, gravity, black holes and cosmology. Currently he works at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Amsterdam.. A conceptual theory that describes gravity as an entropic force

7. Thanu Padmanabhan T.Padmanabhan,``Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights,'' arXiv:0911.5004 [gr-qc]. ``Equipartition of energy in the horizon degrees of freedom and the emergence of gravity,'' arXiv:0912.3165 [gr-qc]. ThanuPadmanabhan (born 10 March 1957‍‍) is an Indian theoretical physicist. He is currently Distinguished Professor at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, (IUCAA) at Pune, India. His principal fields of research are Cosmology and the interface between Gravity and Quantum theory. A number of publications on gravity as an emergent force

8. Reaction from physics society Citations of Verlinde’s paper: 58 by April 16, 2010 Discussions Application to Expansion, Inflation, Acceleration in Cosmology. Acceleration without dark energy Gerard 't Hooft: Erik is stressing real physical concepts like mass and force, not just fancy abstract mathematics. That's encouraging from my perspective as a physicist."

9. Doubts & Criticisms circular reasoning? consistency? Needs to be checked Any new predictions?

10. Entropic force of thermodynamics Entropic force due to the tendency for entropy increase Polymer molecule

11. Examples of entropic force Entropic force due to the tendency for entropy increase Rubber band Hooke's law

12. Verlinde’s conjecture Change of entropy on the holographic screen due to a linear displacement Δx of a particle with mass m m

13. Unruh temperature ‘a ‘ is the acceleration experienced by the test particle a

14. Newton’s second law of motion The law is derived from Verlinde’s conjecture, Unruh t emperature, and entropic force in thermodynamics

15. Temperature from equipartition rule Equipartition rule to get T, holographic principle to get N

16. The derivation of Newton’s gravity law Equipartitionrule+holographicprinciple+Verlinde’s conjecture to get gravity law +Verlinde’s conjecture

17. The derivation of Newton’s gravity law:another version by He & Ma, arXiv:1003.1625 Equipartitionrule+holographicprinciple+Unruh temperature + second motion law to get gravity law Unruh temperature

18. Remarks • Newton’s laws are derived in an intuitive way, just so simple yet convincing! (From news) • Many knowledge needed than just two theorems in Newton’s theory. • The reason it works, might due to circular reasoning. • Is this really a scientific way of thinking, or something belongsto pseudoscience?

19. Checking the consistency with black hole knowledge • Knowledge of holographic principle are used, entropy change onto holographic screen, or the horizon surface, by Verlinde’s conjecture . • Unruh temperature is used. • Surface area divided by Planck area to count partition number N. • However, the entropy formula of black hole is not used. Does the derivation consistent with black hole entropy?

20. Holographic principleby ‘t Hooft and Susskind Information of black holes are encoded at the surface, call event horizon or holographic screen.

21. Entropy of black holes by Bekenstein Black entropy entropy is proportional to surface area, with factor fixed by Hawking later. Planck length

22. Verlinde’s conjecture versus black hole entropy change Change of entropy on the holographic screen due to the radial increase ΔR of the black hole with radius RH m

23. Consistency betweenVerlinde’s conjecture & black hole entropy change A new rule is suggested regarding entropy change in different dimension D by a linear displacement Δl. m M X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:1625

24. Extension to massless case Extension of Verlinde’s conjecture to massless case m=0 M X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:1625

25. Entropic force for photon As if photon has mass mϒ, which leads to gravity Red/blue shift, bending of light as equivalence principle of Einstein. m=0 M X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:1625

26. “Holographic Screen” at any r m The concept of holographic screen can apply at any r for Newtonian gravity M m X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:1625

27. No-hair theorem for black hole It is also called three-hair theorem in China.

28. For a black hole without Q and J It is only one-hair now! How can we play with only one hair? M

29. One hair black hole There is only one independent parameter for black hole quanties!

30. Quantization of black holes using similar idea of Bohr’s idea Take the black hole as a whole matter-wave to quantize X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:2510

31. Properties of quantized black holes An elegant and simple way of quantization. gravity from quantum theory! X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:2510

32. Surface accerelation and temperature are also quantized Surface gravity is quantized! X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:2510

33. The entropy is also quantized! In agreement with the new rule to unify black hole entropy and Verlinde’s conjecture leading to entropic force. X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:2510

34. The quantized entropy is in agreement with conventional black hole property S0=0 as no area no entropy X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:2510

35. Quantized entropy equals quantization of entropy change We provided a new way to unify gravity with quantum theory! X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:2510

36. Transition between nearby quantized states We predict the existence of primordial black holes ranging from Planck scale both in size and energy to big ones in size but with low energy behaviors X.-G. He & B.-Q. Ma, arXiv: 1003:2510

37. Conclusions • We suggested a new rule that unifies the black hole entropy formula and Verlinde’s conjecture for gravity as entropic force. • We revealed the entropic force on photon. • We quantized black hole with an intuitive and simple manner, and this can explain gravity as entropic force . • Our approach suggests a way to unify gravity with quantum theory.