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Animal Reproduction

Animal Reproduction. Chapter 10. Objectives. Identify and describe the male and female reproductive organs Describe the function of the endocrine glands and hormones in reproduction. Objectives (cont.). Describe reproductive failures that may occur

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Animal Reproduction

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  1. Animal Reproduction Chapter 10

  2. Objectives • Identify and describe the male and female reproductive organs • Describe the function of the endocrine glands and hormones in reproduction

  3. Objectives (cont.) • Describe reproductive failures that may occur • Define fertilization, gestation, parturition, and estrus cycle

  4. Reproduction • May be sexual vs. asexual • All common farm animals reproduce by sexual reproduction • Copulation • Male mates with a female and sperm is placed into the female reproductive tract

  5. Reproduction (cont.) • Fertilization • Sperm penetrates the egg cell • Embryo • The new animal, grows inside mother • Parturition • Act of giving birth

  6. Male Reproductive System • Mammals • Reproductive organs of male mammals are similar to those of a bull • Scrotum • Testicles • Vas deferens, urethra • Seminal vesicles • Penis

  7. Male Reproductive System (cont.) • Mammals (cont.)

  8. Male Reproductive System (cont.) • Poultry • Testicles, inside the body, produce sperm • Vas deferens carries seminal fluid and sperm cells to the cloaca • Papilla is organ in the wall of the cloaca, which puts sperm cells into hen’s reproductive tract

  9. Male Reproductive System (cont.) • Poultry (cont.)

  10. Female Reproductive System • Mammals • Female farm animals have two ovaries, which produce the ova and sex hormones • Fetus grows within the uterus • Cervix is lower outlet of uterus • Vagina is the passage between cervix and vulva

  11. Female Reproductive System (cont.) • Mammals (cont.)

  12. Female Reproductive System (cont.) • Mammals (cont.)

  13. Female Reproductive System (cont.) • Poultry • Has two ovaries and two oviducts • Funnel receives yolk from ovary • Sperm cells stored in funnel • Magnum secretes thick white of egg • Once thick white is placed around yolk, it moves to isthmus and uterus for shell • Eggs laid in about 25-27 hours

  14. Female Reproductive System (cont.) • Poultry (cont.)

  15. Estrus Cycle • Estrus, also known as heat, is the period of time in which a female will accept a male for breeding • Estrus periods begin when female mammals are old enough to be bred

  16. Estrus Cycle (cont.) • Signs of estrus in cattle include • Standing when mounted by another cow • Nervousness • Swelling of vulva • Signs of estrus in swine include: • Frequent mounting of other sows • Swelling in vulva, restless activity

  17. Estrus Cycle (cont.) • Signs of estrus in goats include • Nervousness • Shaking tail, swelling of vulva • Signs of estrus in horses include: • Raised tail • Relaxation of vulva • Frequent urination, teasing of mares

  18. Ovulation • Release of egg cell from the ovary • Eggs are contained in follicle prior to ovulation • When follicle breaks, egg is released into one of the oviducts • If sperm is present, egg may be fertilized

  19. Ovulation (cont.) • After ovulation, corpus luteum forms on ovary and releases progesterone, causing • Fertilized egg implantation in uterus • Other eggs to stop forming • Pregnant condition to be maintained • Development of mammary glands

  20. Ovulation (cont.) • If egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum atrophies • When animals have several young at birth, the offspring are fraternally related • Occasionally, one egg cell divides to form two identical offspring

  21. Fertilization • During copulation, male deposits sperm in female reproductive tract • If an egg cell is present, sperm cell may penetrate and fertilize it • Sperm and egg cells do not live long • If animal doesn’t become pregnant, estrus cycle will repeat

  22. Gestation • Period of time when animal is pregnant • Fetus develops in uterus • Nutrients and oxygen supplied, and waste carried off, by umbilical cord • Food, oxygen, and wastes exchanged by diffusion through placenta • Most fetal growth in final third of gestation

  23. Parturition • Process of giving birth to new animals • Buildup of estrogen causes contractions, beginning process of birth • First water bag appears and breaks • Second water bag appears and presentation of fetus begins • Difficulty in birthing is called dystocia

  24. Parturition (cont.) • After birth, mother produces colostrum • Rich in antibodies, vitamins, minerals • Important during 12to 24 hours after birth • Regular milk produced thereafter • Afterbirth should be expelled several hours after birth

  25. Reproduction in Poultry • Sperm are placed into cloacal wall of female by papilla of male • Sperm move up oviduct to funnel • Egg is fertilized • Egg yolk moves through female reproductive tract

  26. Reproduction in Poultry (cont.) • Thick white, shell membranes, thin white, and shell are added • Egg is laid, embryo grows inside shell • Embryo fed by contents of the egg • Incubation period is 21 days in chickens, 28 days in ducks and turkeys • After incubation, chicken hatches

  27. Reproductive Failures • Physical condition • Infections • Hormones • Cysts • Cryptorchidism

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