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The Latin Alphabet & Classical Pronunciation Latin consonants have only 1 sound.

The Latin Alphabet & Classical Pronunciation Latin consonants have only 1 sound. Latin vowels have only 2 sounds ( short and long). a b c d e f g h i k. about : father bat cat dog pet : they fish game hat pit : machine kite. l m n o p q r s t u. light

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The Latin Alphabet & Classical Pronunciation Latin consonants have only 1 sound.

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  1. The Latin Alphabet & Classical Pronunciation Latin consonants have only 1 sound. Latin vowels have only 2 sounds (shortand long). a b c d e f g h i k about : father bat cat dog pet : they fish game hat pit : machine kite l m n o p q r s t u light might night off:note pet quite rrright sight tight put : rule v x y z ae ai au ia iu oe ch like ‘w’ in wind fox yes zoo like ‘ai’ in aisle like ‘ai’ in aisle like ‘ou’ in house like ‘ya’ in yacht like ‘you’ in you like ‘oy’ in boy anchor

  2. What’s in Nouns and Adjectives? • Number : How Many : Singular (cat) or Plural (cats) • Gender : masculine, feminine, neuter • Case : grammatical function in sentence • Nominative [the most commonly used case] • subject : Marcus eats fish. • subject compliment : Marcus is a fisherman. • Genitive : usu. possession : Julia’s son • Dative : usu. indirect object : I give fish to Julia. • Accusative • dir. obj.; obj. of preposition : I put kids into the car. • Ablative • obj. of preposition : I saw Julia with a fish. • Vocative : direct address : Hey, Marcus; Hey, Julia...

  3. A note about gender in Latin: • A Latin noun’s gender often depends • on how the noun is spelled. • For example… • ‘woman’ (femina) is feminine in Latin, • but so is ‘spear’ (hasta). • Both femina and hasta are • 1st declension nouns, and • almost all 1st declension nouns • are feminine.

  4. What’s a Declension?: The Basics • group of nouns or adjectives with similar spelling patterns • Latin nouns > 5 declensions (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th) • Latin adjectives > 2 declensions (1st & 2nd; 3rd) • 1st Declension nouns > via, viae; puella, puellae • 2nd Declension nouns > amicus, amici; donum, doni

  5. Declensions > How to Tell?Look at the genitive singular ending… • 1st Declension > via, viae; puella, puellae • 2nd Declension Masculine > amicus, amici; vir, viri • 2nd Declension Neuter > donum, doni; bellum, belli

  6. LivelyLatin : Lesson 1How to decline a 1st Declension Latin Noun ursa, ursae, feminine ursa urs urs urs urs ae ae am ā urs urs urs urs urs ae ārum īs ās īs • write down the nominative singular • write down the genitive singular – ae • add endings

  7. LivelyLatin : Lesson 1How to decline a 1st Declension Latin Noun nauta, nautae, masculine nauta naut naut naut naut ae ae am ā naut naut naut naut naut ae ārum īs ās īs • write down the nominative singular • write down the genitive singular – ae • add endings

  8. LivelyLatin : Lesson 2How to decline a 1st Declension Latin Noun casa, casae, feminine Case singularplural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative casa cas cas cas cas ae ae am ā cas cas cas cas cas ae ārum īs ās īs • write down the nominative singular • write down the genitive singular – ae • add endings

  9. LivelyLatin : Lesson 2How to decline a 1st Declension Latin Noun nauta, nautae, masculine Case singularplural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative nauta naut naut naut naut ae ae am ā naut naut naut naut naut ae ārum īs ās īs • write down the nominative singular • write down the genitive singular – ae • add endings

  10. What’s in a Verb? • Person & Number : Who & How Many • 1st Sg (I), 2nd Sg (you), 3rd Sg (he/she/it) • 1st Pl (we), 2nd Pl (you all), 3rd Pl (they) • Tense : when action happens : I run (present tense) • Voice : relationship of subject to verb action • Active : subject does action (We see the dog.) • Passive : subject acted upon (The dog is seen by us.) • Mood : relationship of verb to reality • Indicative : verb as fact (I saw the dog.) • Imperative : verb as command (See the dog!) • Subjunctive: verb as possibility (I may see the dog.)

  11. What’s a Conjugation? • a group of verbs with similar spelling patterns • 1st Conjugation • amo, amare • do, dare • 2nd Conjugation • moneo, monere • valeo, valere

  12. LivelyLatin : Lesson 3How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb amō, amāre Person singularplural 1st 2nd 3rd amō amā ama s t I love you love he loves she loves it loves amā amā ama mus tis nt we love you all love they love • write down the first principal part • write down the stem of the second principal part – re • add endings

  13. LivelyLatin : Lesson 4How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb clamō, clamāre Person singularplural 1st 2nd 3rd clamō clamā clama s t I shout you shout he shouts she shouts it shouts clamā clamā clama mus tis nt we shout you all shout they shout • write down the first principal part • write down the stem of the second principal part – re • add endings

  14. LivelyLatin : Lesson 5How to decline a 1st Declension Latin Noun fabula, fabulae, feminine Case singularplural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative fabula fabul fabul fabul fabul ae ae am ā fabul fabul fabul fabul fabul ae ārum īs ās īs • write down the nominative singular • write down the genitive singular – ae • add endings

  15. LivelyLatin : Lesson 6How to decline a 1st Declension Latin Noun fenestra, fenestrae, feminine Case singularplural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative fenestra fenestr fenestr fenestr fenestr ae ae am ā fenestr fenestr fenestr fenestr fenestr ae ārum īs ās īs • write down the nominative singular • write down the stem of the genitive singular – ae • add endings

  16. LivelyLatin : Lesson 6How to decline a 2nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) dominus, dominī, masculine Case singularplural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative dominus domin domin domin domin ī ō um ō domin domin domin domin domin ī ōrum īs ōs īs • write down the nominative singular • write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) • add endings

  17. LivelyLatin : Lesson 6How to decline a 2nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) hortus, hortī, masculine Case singularplural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative hortus hort hort hort hort ī ō um ō hort hort hort hort hort ī ōrum īs ōs īs • write down the nominative singular • write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) • add endings

  18. LivelyLatin : Lesson 6How to decline a 2nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) equus, equī, masculine Case singularplural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative equus equ equ equ equ ī ō um ō equ equ equ equ equ ī ōrum īs ōs īs • write down the nominative singular • write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) • add endings

  19. 1st Decl. Fem. 2nd Decl. Mas. –us 2nd Decl. Mas. -r Comparison of Nouns: Lessons 1-6 ursa, ursae, f. equus, equi, m. vir, viri, m. ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp ursa urs urs urs urs urs urs urs urs urs ae ae am ā ae ārum īs ās īs equus equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem x 9 3. add endings

  20. Let’s decline a 2nd Declension Neuter noun.

  21. Be careful: ALL neuter words have the same spelling in their nominatives and accusatives.

  22. LivelyLatin : Lesson 9How to decline a 2nd Declension Latin Noun (-um) donum, donī, neuter Case singularplural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative donum don don donum don ī ō ō don don don don don a ōrum īs a īs • write down the nominative singular x 2 • write down the stem x 8 (= genitive singular – ī) • add endings

  23. Now, let’s compare the various types of 2nd Declension nouns.

  24. You’ll see that 2nd Declension masculine and neuter nouns differ only in their nominatives and accusatives.

  25. 2nd Decl. Mas. –us 2nd Decl. Mas. –r 2nd Decl. Neu. -um Comparison of 2nd Decl. Nouns : Lesson 9 equus, equi, m. vir, viri, m. donum, doni, n. ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp equus equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs donum don don donum don don don don don don ī ō ō a ōrum īs a īs 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem 3. add endings

  26. Let’s conjugate a 1st conjugation verb in the Imperfect Tense.

  27. LivelyLatin : Lesson 10How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb (Imperfect Tense) amō, amāre Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P amā amā ama amā amā ama bam bas bat bamus batis bant Iwas loving you were loving he/she/it was loving we were loving you all were loving they were loving • Write down the stem of the second principal part – re • Add Imperfect Tense endings (bam, bas, bat, etc.)

  28. Now, let’s compare the present and imperfect tenses.

  29. LivelyLatin : Lesson 10How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present & Imperfect Tenses) amō, amāre Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense amō amā ama amā amā ama s t mus tis nt Ilove you love he/she/it loves we love you all love they love 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P amā amā amā amā amā amā bam bas bat bamus batis bant Iwas loving you were loving he/she/it was loving we were loving you all were loving they were loving

  30. Let’s conjugate a 1st conjugation verb in the Future Tense.

  31. LivelyLatin : Lesson 11How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb (Future Tense) amō, amāre Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P amā amā amā amā amā amā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt Ishall love you will love he/she/it will love we shall love you all will love they will love • Write down the stem of the second principal part – re • Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc.)

  32. Now, let’s compare the present, imperfect, and future tenses.

  33. LivelyLatin : Lesson 11How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) amō, amāre Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense amō amā ama amā amā ama s t mus tis nt 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P amā amā amā amā amā amā bam bas bat bamus batis bant amā amā amā amā amā amā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt

  34. Let’s conjugate another 1st conjugation verb in the Imperfect Tense.

  35. LivelyLatin : Lesson 11How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb (Imperfect Tense) ululō, ululāre Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P ululā ululā ululā ululā ululā ululā bam bas bat bamus batis bant Iwas howling you were howling he/she/it was howling we were howling you all were howling they were howling • Write down the stem of the second principal part – re • Add Imperfect Tense endings (bam, bas, bat, etc.)

  36. Let’s conjugate a 1st conjugation verb in the Future Tense.

  37. LivelyLatin : Lesson 11How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb (Future Tense) celō, celāre Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P celā celā celā celā celā celā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt Ishall hide you will hide he/she/it will hide we shall hide you all will hide they will hide • Write down the stem of the second principal part – re • Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc.)

  38. LivelyLatin : Lesson 12How to decline a 2nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) gladius, gladiī, masculine Case singularplural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative gladius gladi gladi gladi gladi ī ō um ō gladi gladi gladi gladi gladi ī ōrum īs ōs īs • write down the nominative singular • write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) • add endings

  39. LivelyLatin : Lesson 12How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) laudō, laudāre Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense laudō laudā lauda laudā laudā lauda s t mus tis nt 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P laudā laudā laudā laudā laudā laudā bam bas bat bamus batis bant laudā laudā laudā laudā laudā laudā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt

  40. LivelyLatin : Lesson 12How to conjugate the “be” verb (sum, esse)(Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) The conjugation of this verb is a bit irregular, especially in the present tense. Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense su e es su es su m s t mus tis nt 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P era erā era erā erā era m s t mus tis nt er er er er er er ō is it imus itis unt

  41. LivelyLatin : Lesson 13How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) habitō, habitāre Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense habitō habitā habita habitā habitā habita s t mus tis nt 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P habitā habitā habitā habitā habitā habitā bam bas bat bamus batis bant habitā habitā habitā habitā habitā habitā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt

  42. LivelyLatin : Lesson 14How to conjugate the “be” verb in Latin (Imperfect Tense) sum, esse Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P era era era era era era m s t mus tis nt Iwas you were he/she/it was we were you all were they were THE CONJUGATION OF THIS VERB IS IRREGULAR. • Write down era x 6 • Add the endings (m, s, t, mus, tis, nt)

  43. LivelyLatin : Lesson 14How to conjugate the “be” verb in Latin (Future Tense) sum, esse Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P er er er er er er o is it imus itis unt Ishall be you will be he/she/it will be we shall be you all will be they will be THE CONJUGATION OF THIS VERB IS IRREGULAR. • Write down er x 6 • Add the endings (o, is, it, imus, itis, unt)

  44. 2nd Decl. Mas. –us 1st Decl. Fem. –a 2nd Decl. Neu. -um 1st & 2nd Declension Adjective : Lesson 15 bonus, m. bona, f. bonum, n. ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp bonus bon bon bon bon bon bon bon bon bon ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs bona bon bon bon bon bon bon bon bon bon ae ae am ā ae ārum īs ās īs bonum bon bon bonum bon bon bon bon bon bon ī ō ō a ōrum īs a īs 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem 3. add endings

  45. 2nd Decl. Mas. –us 1st Decl. Fem. –a 2nd Decl. Neu. -um 1st & 2nd Declension Adjective : Lesson 15 latus, m. lata, f. latum, n. ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp latus lat lat lat lat lat lat lat lat lat ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs lata lat lat lat lat lat lat lat lat lat ae ae am ā ae ārum īs ās īs latum lat lat latum lat lat lat lat lat lat ī ō ō a ōrum īs a īs 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem 3. add endings

  46. LivelyLatin : Lesson 16How to decline a 2nd Declension Latin Noun (-um) vexillum, vexillī, neuter Case singularplural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative vexillum vexill vexill vexillum vexill ī ō ō vexill vexill vexill vexill vexill a ōrum īs a īs • write down the nominative singular x 2 • write down the stem x 8 (= genitive singular – ī) • add endings

  47. LivelyLatin : Lesson 16How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb (Future Tense) cantō, cantāre Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P cantā cantā cantā cantā cantā cantā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt Ishall sing you will sing he/she/it will sing we shall sing you all will sing they will sing • Write down the stem of the second principal part – re • Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc.)

  48. LivelyLatin : Lesson 16How to conjugate a 1st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present Tense) iuvō, iuvāre Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P iuvō iuvā iuva iuvā iuvā iuva s t mus tis nt I help you help he/she/it help we help you all help they help • write down the first principal part • write down the stem of the second principal part – re • add endings

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