Energy Consumption, Transformation and Sources

1. Energy Consumption, Transformation and Sources Lecture #3 HNRT 228 Spring 2016 Energy and the Environment

2. iClicker Question • Fossil fuels are derived from biological material produced • A at the time of the industrial revolution • B about 300 million years ago • C about 1 million years ago • D about 1 billion years ago • E at the turn of the previous century

3. iClicker Question • At the turn of this century (2000) most energy was derived from • A Coal • B Wood • C Natural Gas • D Oil • E Nuclear Power

4. iClicker Question • Oil use in the U.S. has always risen since 1960. • A True • B False

5. iClicker Question • Which of the following countries has the lowest gas taxes? • A France • B Germany • C Spain • D Japan • E USA

6. Overview of Energy Production/Consumption

7. iClicker Question • The United States imports more energy than it produces? • A True • B False

8. Energy Flow from Source to Use (USA 2008)

9. Energy Flow from Source to Use (USA 2013)

11. TYPES OF ENERGYand their Transformation Mechanical, Electromagnetic, Electrical, Chemical and Thermal

12. Energy due to a object’s motion (kinetic) or position (potential). The bowling ball has mechanical energy. When the ball strikes the pins, mechanical energy is transferred to the pins! What is Mechanical Energy?

13. Other Examples of Mechanical Energy

14. “Light” energy Includes energy from gamma rays, xrays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared rays, microwave and radio bands What is Electromagnetic Energy?

15. Energy caused by the movement of electrons Easily transported through power lines and converted into other forms of energy What is Electrical Energy?

16. Energy that is available for release from chemical reactions. The chemical bonds in a matchstick store energy that is transformed into thermal energy when the match is struck. What is Chemical Energy?

17. Examples of Chemical Energy

18. Heat energy The heat energy of an object determines how active its atoms are. A hot object is one whose atoms and molecules are excited and show rapid movement. A cooler object's molecules and atoms will show less movement. What is Thermal Energy?

19. iClicker Time! What type of energy cooks food in a microwave oven? A Mechanical B Electromagnetic C Electrical D Chemical What type of energy is the spinning plate inside of a microwave oven? A Mechanical B Electromagnetic C Electrical D Chemical E Thermal

20. iClicker Time! Electrical energy is transported to your house through power lines. When you plug an electric fan to a power outlet, electrical energy is transform into what type of energy? A Mechanical B Electromagnetic C Electrical D Chemical E Thermal

21. iClicker Time! What type of energy results when you turn on an electric lamp? [Electrical to…] A Mechanical B Electromagnetic C Electrical D Chemical E Thermal

22. What types of energy are shown below? A Mechanical B Electromagnetic C Thermal D Chemical E More than one of the above

23. What type of energy is shown below? A Mechanical B Electromagnetic C Electrical D Chemical E Thermal

24. What types of energy are shown below? A Mechanical B Electromagnetic C Thermal D Chemical E More than one of the above

25. What type of energy is shown below? • A Mechanical • B Electromagnetic • C Electrical • D Chemical • E Thermal

26. What type of energy is shown below? • A Mechanical • B Electromagnetic • C Electrical • D Chemical • E Thermal

27. Where does our energy come from for…? • Electric light • Mobile phones • Power for your mp3 • TV • Hot Water

28. Energy for these things come from Energy Resources, that are converted into energy that we can easily use. Electricity is the main form of energy that we use and can power or charge what we need energy for.

29. To generate electricity… • You need an energy source, e.g. coal • This is burnt to produce heat or steam • The heat or steam then drives a turbine • The turbine then can drive a generator • The generator then produces electricity • The electricity is then transported in cables to where it is needed

30. Energy Resources can be divided into 2 categories: • Non-Renewable Resources For example – coal, oil, gas, uranium or lignite Once used these resources CANNOT be used again 2. Renewable Resources For example – wind, water or solar These resources can be used over and over again

31. Non-Renewable Resources: COAL What is it? • Formed underground from decaying plant material How much left in the world? • About 200 years Advantages? • Plenty left • Mining is getting more efficient Disadvantages? • Pollution: CO2 emissions (linked to global warming), SO2 (linked to acid rain) • Heavy & bulky to transport

32. Non-Renewable Resources: OIL What is it? • Formed underground from decaying animal and plant material How much left in the world? • Estimates vary, but average about 40 years Advantages? • Quite easy to transport • Efficient in producing energy • Less pollution than coal Disadvantages? • Not much left • Pollution: air and danger of water pollution through spills

33. Non-Renewable Resources: NATURAL GAS What is it? • Formed underground from decaying animal and plant material How much left in the world? • Estimates vary from 60-100 years Advantages? • Clean, least polluting of all non-renewables • Easy to transport Disadvantages? • Some air pollution • Danger of explosions

34. Non-Renewable Resources: NUCLEAR What is it? • Uses uranium, naturally found in some rocks How much left in the world? • Not known Advantages? • Not much waste and few CO2 emissions released, as well as, few other greenhouse gases Disadvantages? • High cost to build and close down power stations. • Waste is radioactive. Problem with getting rid of waste safely

35. Non-Renewable Resources: LIGNITE (between peat and coal) What is it? • Formed underground from decaying plant material How much left in the world? • Estimates vary, but average ~30 years Advantages? • A local resource good for generating electricity Disadvantages? • Air pollution, scarring of landscape through open-cast mining • High moisture content

36. Why is the term, FOSSIL FUEL used for coal, oil, gas and lignite?A Because they all contain fossils.B Because they were once food sources for things that are now fossils.C Because they are derived from living matter of a previous geological age.D Because of their energy per unit of mass.E Because Prof. Geller said so.

37. Renewable Resources: WIND What is it? It the movement of air from high to low pressure How much left? Lots Advantages? No pollution Disadvantages? Winds change all the time, not predictable

38. Renewable Resources: SOLAR What is it? Energy from the sun How much left? Lots Advantages? No pollution, can be used in remote areas Disadvantages? Can be expensive, needs sunlight At night it doesn’t work

39. Renewable Resources: BIO-ENERGY What is it? Biomass and Biogas – • fermented animal or plant waste • vegetation from sustainable sources How much left? Lots Advantages? Good availability Disadvantages? Can be expensive to set up

40. Renewable Resources: HYDRO What is it? Movement of water drives a turbine How much left? Lots Advantages? No CO2 emissions, can control flooding and provide a good water supply to an area Disadvantages? Large areas maybe flooded. Visual and water pollution

41. Renewable Resources: GEOTHERMAL What is it? Heat from the ground – often used to heat water How much left? Lots Advantages? No CO2 emissions Disadvantages? Expensive and can only be used in certain parts of the world

42. Renewable Resources: WATER & TIDAL What is it? Movement of sea drives turbines How much left? Lots Advantages? Can produce a lot of electricity, no CO2 emissions Disadvantages? Not many suitable sites

43. Group Think • Draw a flow map showing the flow of energy transformations in a car from starting vehicle to driving. You should have 5 different types of energy.

44. Energy Transfer _________ _______ _______ ________ ________ _______ _______ ____________

45. In-Class Group Question • Compare and contrast differences and similarities (changes in time) in the two diagrams depicting energy flow from source to use in the USA, from 2008, and 2013 (in presentation today). • Please remember to write complete sentences in addressing your comparisons.