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Energy Resources and Consumption

Sources, Concepts and Conservation. Energy Resources and Consumption. Energy Concepts. Forms of Energy Mechanical: 2 types; mechanical potential (energy of position) and kinetic (energy of motion)

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Energy Resources and Consumption

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  1. Sources, Concepts and Conservation Energy Resources and Consumption

  2. Energy Concepts • Forms of Energy • Mechanical: 2 types; mechanical potential (energy of position) and kinetic (energy of motion) • Thermal: Heat is the internal energy in substances- the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within a substances • Chemical: energy stored in bonds between atoms in a molecule • Electrical: results from the movement of electrons • Nuclear: energy stored in the nuclei of atoms. It is released by either fission (splitting) or Fusion (combining) of atoms • Electromagnetic: Electromagnetic energy travels by waves

  3. Power and Units • Power: the amount of work done per time. • Work done/ time • The most common unit is kilowatt-hour (kWh)

  4. Units of Energy/Power

  5. Energy Conversion Problems • These conversion problems are often on the AP exam! • Use scientific notation • Use the factor-label method: • The factor-label method: the sequential application of conversion factors expressed as fractions and arranged so that any dimensional unit appearing in both the numerator and denominator of any of the fractions can be cancelled out until only the desired set of dimensional units is obtained • Scoring these problems by steps: 1 point correct set-up, 1 point correct calculations, No points if work is not shown!

  6. Conversion of MW to kW • Example Problem (Handout p283-285 Barrons) 20 MWX (1 x 106 watts) X 1kW = 2 X 104 kW 1 1MW 103 watts 2 X 104 kW X 8,000 hours = 16,000 X 104 kWh/yr 1 1 yr = 1.6 X 107 kWh/yr • Remember : NO CALCULATORS in the exam

  7. Laws of Thermodynamics • 1st law • Energy cannot be created or destroyed • 2nd law • When energy is transformed, a less useful form is the result (lower quality energy) • Energy cannot be recycled to a higher quality • Only 20% of energy in gasoline is converted to mechanical energy • 80% is lost as heat (a low quality energy)

  8. Energy Consumption • Wood (a renewable source) was the predominant form of energy up until the Industrial Revolution. • Coal (non-renewable) then surpassed wood’s usage • Coal was overtaken by petroleum in the middle of the 20th century and remains the primary source worldwide today • Natural gas and coal experienced rapid development in the 2nd half of the 20th century

  9. US Energy Consumption by Source

  10. US Energy Consumption • US was energy independent, self sufficient until the late 1950’s • Then energy consumption began to outpace domestic production • This led to oil imports • The largest energy consumers have always been industry, followed by transportation, then residential, and commercial uses • Rapid increases in petroleum consumption continued through the 1970’s

  11. Energy Consumption vs. Production

  12. Energy Consumption vs. Production • Beginning 1998, net imports of oil surpassed the domestic oil supply in the US • The US consumes 25% of the worlds petroleum production

  13. Energy Consumption in US by End Use

  14. Leading Petroleum Consumers

  15. Present Global Energy Use • In the US most of the energy comes from nonrenewable energy sources (limited supplies) such as: • coal, • petroleum, • natural gas, • Propane • and uranium

  16. Global Renewable Energy Sources • Renewable sources: relatively short replenishment time • Biomass • Geothermal • Hydropower • Solar energy • Wind energy

  17. US Energy Production vs. Consumption

  18. Fossil Fuel Consumption by the US

  19. Future Energy Needs • Outlook for next few decades • Continued growth and reliance on the three major fossil fuels • Petroleum • Coal • Natural gas • Realistic, economical viable resources for the future • Clean coal • Methane hydrates • Oil shale • Tar sands

  20. Clean Coal • Coal is abundant, able to meet global needs for many years to come • Clean Coal: Process which reduces negatives of burning coal • Includes: • washing the coal to remove impurities and minerals • capturing SO2 and CO2 from the flue gasses

  21. 1. O2 added to promote more complete burn2. Coal is pulverized- more complete burn, and washed to remove contaminants3. ash removal, via electrostatic precipitators4. steam is condensed and returned to boiler5. CO2 is recovered using lime, and sequestered

  22. Methane Hydrates

  23. Oil Shale

  24. Tar Sands

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