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Cellulose Derivatives Chemistry & Applications. Andrew C. Hoefler Brookside Consulting. Cellulose - Without Substituents. Or more Pictorially. “Chains” of Cellulose in Water. or. Step One:. Manufacture of CMC. R-OH + NaOH -----> R-O - Na + + H 2 O. Step Two:.
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Cellulose Derivatives Chemistry & Applications Andrew C. Hoefler Brookside Consulting
Cellulose - Without Substituents Or more Pictorially
Step One: Manufacture of CMC R-OH + NaOH -----> R-O-Na+ + H2O Step Two: R-ONa + Cl-CH2-COONa -----> R-O-CH2-COONa
CMC Nomenclature 7H3SCF 7 = D.S. 7 & 9 = Food 12 = Pharm. H = Viscosity Grade H = High M = Medium L = Low S = other properties S = smooth flow O = Acid tested F = Grade F = Food P = Pharm. C = Part. Size C = Coarse No letter = Regular X = Fine 3 = More viscosity Information 3 = 3000 cps
10,000 1000 100 10 7H4F Solution Viscosity vs Concentration Viscosity (cps) 7MF 7LF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CMC Concentration
Effect of Degree of Substitution on CMC 0.7 0.9 1.2 7 9 12 Increase Increase Decrease Increase
Uniformity of Substitution Even Uneven Hairy region Smooth region Hairy region
Uniform = Smooth Flow Uniformity of Substitution Non-Uniform = Thixotropic
Visual Representation of Thixotropy Thixotropic Flow Smooth Flow
Hydration of Sugar Compared to CMC Sugar all gone CMC all gone Time ------------------------------------------------------------>
Hydration Difficulties when Dry CMC Particles are too Close Together Making CMC Solutions I Just Before Contacting Water Just After Contacting Water
CMC Particles which are Slightly Separated from Each Other Making CMC Solutions II Just Before Contacting Water Just After Contacting Water
Dissolving Cellulose Gum • ADD CELLULOSE GUM FIRST • AVOID LUMPS A. B. Disperse in non-solvent (Oil, Glycerine, PG, Alcohol, High SS syrups) Separate the Particles with Sugar, CCS, or other non-swelling ingredients C. D. Careful Addition to Vortex Eductor Funnel
ADD CMC FIRST !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
300 200 100 80 40 20 10 Salt Added After CMC Cellulose Gum in NaCl Solutions Apparent Viscosity (cps) Salt Added Before CMC .01 0.1 1.0 Molal Concentration of Cation
Cellulose Gum in Salt Solutions Viscosity in Centipoise
600 400 200 100 80 40 20 • Al2(SO4)3.18H2O Various Cations Added to 1% CMC Solutions Viscosity (cps) NaCl HCl CaCl2. 2H2O .01 .02 .04 .08 Molal Concentration of Added Cation
10,000 1,000 100 10 Viscosity versus Temperature 1% 7HF Viscosity (cps) 2% 9M8F 1% 9M31F 2% 7LF 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Temperature (degrees C)
10,000 1,000 100 10 Viscosity versus Shear Rate Apparent Viscosity (cps) .01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Shear Rate (Reciprocal Seconds)
CMC Tolerance to Ethanol Volume Ratio of Ethanol to 1% CMC Solution
10,000 6000 4000 3000 Galactomannan Interactions Observed Viscosity (cps, 25C) Predicted 0 20 40 60 80 100 % CMC 100 80 60 40 20 0 % Guar
CMC: Key Functions • Viscosity • Organizes water • Thickens • Forms Films • Controls Water or Sugar Crystal Growth
Food Applications of CMC • Masa Mixes • Cake Mixes • Frostings & Icings • Pie Fillings • Doughnut Mixes • Dairy Products • Pancake Syrup • Dry Mix Beverages • Pet Foods • Animal Feed ( Pelleted )
Cellulose Gum in Sugar Solutions • Additive Viscosity Increase • Decreased Syneresis • Reduced Rate of Crystalization • Reduced Crystal Size
Summary: Cellulose Gum • CMC • thickening / viscosity • water organizing • film forming • optically transparent solutions • ethanol tolerant