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Explore the challenges faced in organizing for war, the clashing on the battlefield, and the changes wrought by the Civil War in this comprehensive study. Discover the uncertain future faced by the nation.
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13 The Union Severed
The Union Severed • Organizing for War • Clashing on the Battlefield, 1861 to 1862 • The Tide Turns, 1863 to 1865 • Changes Wrought by War • Conclusion: An Uncertain Future
Enlistment • Reasons varied • Relief after long indecision • Employment • Loyalty • Not all sympathize with “their” side
The Balance of Resources • North • Greater white population • But same number of troops as South • Economic advantage • South • Dependent on imports • But had exports that might secure foreign goods
The Border States • Delaware only remained in the Union • Maryland • Crucial because of Washington, D.C. • Lincoln violates civil liberties • Kentucky and Maryland remain in Union
Organizing for War:Challenges of War • Confederation • Challenge of nation-building • Strong feeling of loyalty • Lincoln • Active presidency • Expanded role of executive • Davis • Had to restructure
War in the East • Anaconda Plan • First Union plan • Blockades, victory through attrition • Lincoln wants a quicker war • First Bull Run, 1861 • Confederate victory, though not decisive • War in the East reaches stalemate
War in the West • Western theater • Between Mississippi and Appalachians • Control of Mississippi vital • Native Americans join both sides • Shiloh • Widespread warfare • Including New Mexico, California
Naval Warfare • Union blockade • Not very successful • South attempts to use ironclads • Confederate raids on northern commerce • More successful
Cotton Diplomacy • European support decisive • Confederates dependent on need for cotton • But 1860-1861 saw a glut of cotton • But European powers slow to give support • North works to prevent support to Confederacy • Stay out of war
Problems and Solutions • Finance • Taxation • Borrowing • Printing money, leading to inflation • Armies lack volunteers • Both sides use the draft • Draft riots in New York, targeting blacks
Political Dissension, 1862 • South had no means of rallying support • Copperheads • Peace Democrats • Criticize the war • Lincoln criticized both for inaction and action
The Emancipation Proclamation • Hard course to steer regarding emancipation • Hoped to placate border states • September, 1862, Emancipation Proclamation • Used victory at Antietam • Changed tenor of war, new commitment
Unanticipated Consequences • Union employs blacks as soldiers • 10% of Union Army • Most fugitives from slavery • But blacks receive unequal treatment • Some changes in white attitudes
Changing Strategies • Lee takes the offensive, summer of 1863 • Gettysburg, July 1, 1863 • Confederate defeat • Grant put in charge of Union armies • Grant plans a more decisive campaign
A New South • States’ rights give way to centralization • Contrasting with ideology that led to war • Conscription Act of 1862 • Emancipation contemplated • Expansion of defense industries • Pressure on traditional class structure
The Victorious North • Lincoln violates writ of habeas corpus • Changes to banking system • Farm increasingly mechanized • McCormick reapers popular • Manufacturing stimulated
On the Home Front, 1861-1865 • Support • Religious groups • Greater political involvement • Some grow rich: Rockefeller, Carnegie • South experienced more dislocation • Refugees • Food shortages
On the Home Front, 1861-1865 (cont'd) • Women • Many changes in roles • Nursing and other volunteer work • Sanitary Commission largely run by women
The Election of 1864 • Democrats nominate General McClellan • Call the war a failure • Claim the war’s goal had been derailed • Republicans nominate Lincoln • Capture of Atlanta brings support for Lincoln • Wins election
Why the North Won • Final months, following election • April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders • Grant’s strategy depended on greater manpower • Also more economic resources • South had more trouble supplying troops • Transportation system inadequate • Also lack of support from some states • Inflexible attitudes
The Costs of War • Painful legacy • High death rate from disease more than fighting • Many return home injured • Experiences in prison camps • Many find it hard to return to civilian life
Unanswered Questions • Slaves freed • But what rights would be extended to them? • Destroyed infrastructure • End to question of nullification • Lincoln calls for forgiveness • Assassinated, April 14, 1865
Conclusion:An Uncertain Future • The Civil War ends • Mourning for Lincoln • Many mourn the loss of life • Drastic changes follow • Changes not apparent in 1865 to most • Important conflicts unresolved