Objectives

1. Objectives • Know the key events that contributed to the start of World War I • Understand the underlying international pressures and rising nationalism that contributed to the outbreak of World War I

2. Triple Alliance 1882 France-Russia Alliance 1894 1st German Naval Law – 1898 (France/Russia) UK-Japan Defensive Treaty 1902 2nd German Naval Law – 1900 (UK) Triple Entente 1907 3rd German Naval Law – 1912 (DreadNaught) 1st Balkan War: 1912 2nd Balkan War: 1913

4. Game – Thoughts? • Austria – Hungarian Strategy? Secret Instructions • German Strategy? Secret Instructions • Russian Strategy? Secret Instructions • French Strategy? Secret Instructions • British Strategy? Secret Instructions

6. Timeline to Crisis June 28, 1914 July 5, 1914 July 23, 1914 Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo by member of Black Hand Kaiser William II promises German support for Austria against Serbia • Austro-Hungarian government waits three weeks following the assassination before issuing its formal ultimatum to Serbia. • Seizing the opportunity to settle a long-standing score with Serbia, Austria-Hungry transmits its ultimatum to the Serbian government.  • Austria-Hungary assumes that the Serbian government was conspiring with the Black Hand in the Ferdinand’s assassination. • Austria-Hungry demands a reply in 2 days from Serbia. • Serbia responds on 25 July, 1914 Franz Joseph I

7. Austrian Ultimatum (July 23, 1914) • To suppress any publication which incites to hatred and contempt of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the general tendency of which is directed against its territorial integrity (Freedom of Press) • To dissolve immediately the Black Hand; to confiscate all its means of propaganda, and to proceed in the same manner against other societies and their branches in Serbia which engage in propaganda against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. (Freedom to Assemble) • To eliminate without delay from public instruction in Serbia, both as regards the teaching body and also as regards the methods of instruction, everything that serves, or might serve, to foment the propaganda against Austria-Hungary (Freedom of Education) • To remove military service, and from the administration in general, all officers and functionaries guilty of propaganda against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy whose names and deeds the Austro-Hungarian Government reserve to themselves the right of communicating to the Royal Government. (Serbian Government Employees) • To accept the collaboration in Serbia of representatives of the Austro-Hungarian Government for the suppression of the subversive movement directed against the territorial integrity of the Monarchy (Austrians in Serbian Government) • To take judicial proceedings against accessories to the plot of the 28th of June who are on Serbian territory; delegates of the Austro-Hungarian Government will take part in the investigation relating thereto (Austrians in Serbian Judicial System) Sir Edward Grey (British Foreign Secretary) commented that he had "never before seen one State present another independent State such a document so formidable of character."

8. Serbian Response (July 25, 1914) • Serbia will introduce a provision into the press law providing for the most severe punishment of incitement to hatred and contempt of the Austrian Hungry Monarchy. • The Serbian government possesses no proof ... that the Narodna Odbrana and other similar societies have committed up to the present any criminal act of this nature ... Nevertheless, Serbia will dissolve the Narodna Obrana (Black Hand). • Serbia will eliminate without delay from public instruction everything that serves or might serve to foment the propaganda against Austria-Hungry, whenever the Austrian-Hungarian government furnishes Serbia with facts and proofs of propaganda. • Serbia agrees to remove from the military service all such persons as the judicial inquiry may have proved to be guilty of acts directed against the integrity of the territory of Austria-Hungry. • The Serbian government does not clearly grasp the meaning or the scope of the demand ... that Serbia shall undertake to accept the collaboration of the representatives of Austria-Hungry, but they declare that they will admit such collaboration as agrees with the principle of international law, with criminal procedure, and with good neighbourly relations. • As regards the participation in this inquiry, which Serbia intends to hold, of Austro-Hungarian agents. Serbia cannot accept such an arrangement, as it would be a violation of our Constitution.

9. Timeline to Crisis July 28, 1914 July 29, 1914 August 1, 1914 August 3, 1914 Germany declares war on France. Launches it’s Schlieffen Plan. France and Great Britain declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungry on August 4th Germany declares war on Russia. AH declared war on Serbia. Germany sends "Halt in Belgrade" telegram to Austria-Hungry, but they ignore it. Russia mobilizes its army in support of Serbia. In France, Joffre warned that France must mobilize, but the French Cabinet delayed until Aug. 1, the same day that Germany mobilized its army Joseph Joffre Herbert Asquith

10. August 3rd, 1914

11. Questions • Was World War I inevitable? • Was there a solution to the crisis? If so what? • What caused World War I? Was the assassination the cause or merely the spark that ignited an already dangerous situation • Did heightened nationalism play a part? • What does World War I tell of the dangers of an arms race?

13. Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead

14. Objectives • Know the key events that contributed to the start of World War I • Understand the underlying international pressures and rising nationalism that contributed to the outbreak of World War I