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Decoding Chromosomes: Cell Division & Genetics

Explore how DNA forms chromosomes, cell division processes, homologous chromosomes, and the role of chromosomes in gender determination. Learn about haploid and diploid cells, somatic vs. sex cells, and fundamental genetics concepts.

chadcollins
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Decoding Chromosomes: Cell Division & Genetics

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  1. Cell ReproductionPage #1 Warm Up Where are your genes located?

  2. http://people.na.infn.it/~nicodem/research/cell_genes.jpg

  3. FROM DNA TO CHROMOSOMES • DURING MOST OF THE CELL’S LIFE, DNA FORMS A TANGLED MASS CALLED CHROMATIN. • CHROMATIN LOOKS LIKE A PLATE OF SPAGHETTI. • RIGHT BEFORE A CELL DIVIDES, THE CHROMATIN FORMS INTO CHROMOSOMES (X-SHAPED).

  4. CHROMATIN CHROMOSOMES MOST OF THE TIME ONCE IN A WHILE

  5. Draw this in your notes

  6. Cell Division • Chromosomes = Tightly coiled, rod-shaped DNA • Chromosomes are made of chromatin • Human body produces 2 trillion cells per day & 25 million per second • Cells are formed by cell division of older cells • When a cell divides, DNA is first copied & then distributed • Each cell ends up with a complete set of DNA

  7. Chromosome Number • Each human somatic cell has 2 copies of 23 different chromosomes • Total 46 • Somatic = any cell that is NOT a sex cell • (also called body cells or autosomes)

  8. Sets of Chromosomes • Each pair is made up of 2 homologous chromosomes • Homologous chromosomes = chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, & genetic content • Each homologue comes from one of the parents • One from mom • One from dad

  9. Cells Can Be Diploid or Haploid • Diploid = a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes (2n) • Haploid (monoploid) = a cell that contains only 1 set of chromosomes (1n or n)

  10. Chromosomes Determine Your Gender • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes • 22 pairs are autosomes (chromosomes NOT directly involved in determining sex) • 1 pair are sex chromosomes (contain genes that WILL determine the sex) • X & Y chromosomes

  11. X & Y Chromosomes • Male = XY • Female = XX • Male (dad) can donate an X or a Y to offspring • Female (mom) can ONLY donate an X So-Which parent determines the sex of the baby?

  12. MALEXY

  13. Gametes • Gametes are reproductive cells • Males = sperm (n = 23) • Female = egg (n = 23) • Combine in fertilization to make a: • Zygote (2n = 46)

  14. Haploid VS DiploidPage #2

  15. “Understandingthe concepts ofHaploid and Diploid” Haploid and Diploid

  16. Introducing Vocabulary • Diploid= DIH – ployd • Haploid= HA – ployd

  17. Let’s take a look at the terms first….Diploid= Di Ploid“Di” means “two” Haploid and Diploid

  18. Let’s take a look at the terms first….Haploid= HaPloidthink “HAlf”haploid is half of diploid. Haploid and Diploid

  19. Review“Diploid” means Haploid and Diploid Half Two

  20. Review“Haploid” means Haploid and Diploid Half Two

  21. GOOD JOB !!! You’re on the way !!!

  22. Introducing Vocabulary • Gamete= GA - meat • Somatic= So-MA-tik

  23. A “Gamete” is a generic term for a “sex cell”.An example would be a sperm or an egg. Haploid and Diploid

  24. Gametes areHaploidin chromosome number. Haploid and Diploid

  25. The number of chromosomes that a gamete would contain would be described as______ Haploid and Diploid Haploid Diploid

  26. “Somatic cells” refers to every other cell in the body except gametes. Haploid and Diploid

  27. ReviewSperm or Egg = GametesAll Other cells = Somatic Cells Haploid and Diploid

  28. Gamete or Somatic Cell ?A Liver Cell Haploid and Diploid Gamete Somatic Cell

  29. Gamete or Somatic Cell ?A Sperm Cell Haploid and Diploid Gamete Somatic Cell

  30. Gamete or Somatic Cell ?A Brain Cell Haploid and Diploid Gamete Somatic Cell

  31. Gamete or Somatic Cell ?A Lung Cell Haploid and Diploid Gamete Somatic Cell

  32. Gamete or Somatic Cell ?An Egg Haploid and Diploid Gamete Somatic Cell

  33. Gamete or Somatic Cell ?A Skin Cell Haploid and Diploid Gamete Somatic Cell

  34. Keep Going !!! HAlf way There !!!

  35. Somatic Cells areDiploidin chromosome number. Haploid and Diploid

  36. The number of chromosomes that a somatic cell would contain would be described as______ Haploid and Diploid Haploid Diploid

  37. ReviewGametes = haploidSomatic Cells = diploid Haploid and Diploid

  38. Mathematically Speakingif haploid=n,then diploid=2n Haploid and Diploid

  39. Mathematically Speakingor… haploid is ½ of diploidor… diploid is 2x haploid Haploid and Diploid

  40. ReviewSperm or Egg = Gametes=Haploid=nAll Other Cells = SomaticCells=Diploid=2n Haploid and Diploid

  41. Humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells. These cells are ______ Haploid and Diploid Haploid Diploid

  42. Humans have 23 chromosomes in their gametes. These cells are ______ Haploid and Diploid Haploid Diploid

  43. If humans diploid number = 46, what is the haploid number? Haploid and Diploid 23 92

  44. If humans haploid number = 23, what is the diploid number? Haploid and Diploid 46 92

  45. If chimps diploid number = 48, what is the haploid number? Haploid and Diploid 24 96

  46. If chimps haploid number = 24, what is the diploid number? Haploid and Diploid 48 96

  47. Review AgainSperm or Egg = Gametes=Haploid= nAll Other Cells = Somatic Cells=Diploid= 2n Haploid and Diploid

  48. If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in aliver cell ? Haploid and Diploid 23 46

  49. If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in a sperm cell ? Haploid and Diploid 23 46

  50. If humans diploid number = 46, How many chromosomes in abrain cell ? Haploid and Diploid 23 46

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