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Constitution, Society, and Leadership Week 3 Unit 5

Constitution, Society, and Leadership Week 3 Unit 5 The Constitution in Historical Context: Reconstruction through World War II. Christopher Dreisbach, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins University. Unit Overview- i. This Unit identifies key historical moments Relevant to the Constitution

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Constitution, Society, and Leadership Week 3 Unit 5

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  1. Constitution, Society, and LeadershipWeek 3 Unit 5 The Constitution in Historical Context: Reconstruction through World War II Christopher Dreisbach, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins University

  2. Unit Overview-i • This Unit identifies key historical moments • Relevant to the Constitution • From Reconstruction • Through World War II • It has two main parts • Reconstruction to Progressivism • The Wars to End All Wars: WW I and WW II

  3. Reconstruction to Progressivism-iSection Overview-i • “Reconstruction” • The period after the Civil War, during which • Congress oversaw a restructuring of the Confederacy • The whole country went through major economic and political changes • Ends officially with the Compromise of 1877 • Samuel J. Tilden, a Democrat, wins the popular vote for President • But the electors give the election to Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican • Allegedly for agreeing to pull federal troops out of the Southern States

  4. Reconstruction to Progressivism-iiSection Overview-ii • Progressivism • Anchored by the Platformof the Progressive Party, 1912 • Nominated Teddy Roosevelt for President • Sought moral reforms in • Labor and Industry • Corrupt local, city, and state governments • Treatment of African Americans, especially against lynching

  5. Reconstruction to Progressivism-iiiSection Overview-iii • This section has four subsections • Americanism • The Gospel of Wealth • Civil Rights • Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson

  6. Reconstruction to Progressivism-ivAmericanism-i • Loosely defined: the view that Americans have a duty to promote America’s political, economic, and moral values globally • Forrest Church: • Americanism as the New Manifest Destiny • Not just continental expansion, but global • “American internationalism commenced with American missions; powered by Christian evangelists, international Manifest Destiny led with a prayer book”

  7. Reconstruction to Progressivism-vAmericanism-ii • Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885): • American Protestantism as the way to save the world • American expansionism as a moral duty: “Our plea is America for the world’s sake…we are the chosen people”

  8. Reconstruction to Progressivism-viAmericanism-iii • World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893 • AKA: The Chicago World’s Fair • Showcases America’s alleged superiority • Pledge of Allegiance written for this occasion • No “under God” until 1954 • Columbus Day becomes a national holiday

  9. Reconstruction to Progressivism-viiAmericanism-iv • The Spanish American War, 1898 • The U.S.S. Maine blown up in Havanna Harbor • Pres. McKinley (25th President, 1896-1901; assassinated) asks Congress to authorize invasion of Cuba • Spain declares war, April 24 • War ends 10 weeks later, with significant territorial gains from Spain for the U.S. • Cuba, Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico • Effectively the end of the Spanish Empire

  10. Reconstruction to Progressivism-viiiGospel of Wealth-i • Two Political Forces Developed this “Gospel” • Religious • Rev. William Lawrence, Episcopal Bishop of Massachusetts (1901): “Godliness is in league with riches.” • Rev. Russell Conwell, Baptist, “Acres of Diamonds” (sermon, Philadelphia, 1890) • It’s one’s duty to get rich • To make money honestly is to preach the gospel • Henry Ward Beecher (d. 1887), Congregational Preacher: poverty implies sin •  Secular • Andrew Carnegie, “Wealth,” North American Review, 1889 • “The sacredness of property” • Law of competition and survival of the fittest • The Gospel of Wealth is coextensive with Manifest Destiny • Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism

  11. Reconstruction to Progressivism-ixGospel of Wealth-ii • Inventions and Innovations, e.g. • Alexander Bell—telephone, 1876 • Thomas Edison • Light bulb, 1879 • Phonograph • Movies • Brooklyn Bridge • Skyscrapers • Airplane • Automobile

  12. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xGospel of Wealth-iii • Criticism of the Gospel of Wealth • Social Gospel Movement-Walter Rauschenbusch • 1861-1918 • Baptist Minister • Anti-capitalist • Christianity and Social Crisis (1907) • Individual’s responsibility toward society

  13. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xiGospel of Wealth-iv • Theology for the Social Gospel (1917) • Jesus bore “the weight of the public sins of organized society, and they in turn are causally connected with all private sins.” • Six specific social sins • Religious bigotry • Graft plus political power • Corruption of justice • Mob spirit and action • Militarism • Class contempt • Influenced Martin Luther King, Jr. and Desmond Tutu

  14. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xiiGospel of Wealth-v • Criticisms of The Gospel of Wealth (ctd) • (Teddy Roosevelt’s term) • Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of Cities (1904) • Exposes the political boss system • Ida Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) • Attacks the monopoly of John D. Rockefeller • Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1906) • Led to the Pure Food and Drug Act

  15. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xiiiGospel of Wealth-vi • Criticisms of The Gospel of Wealth (ctd) • Labor organizers • 1878: Knights of Labor Founded • 1886: AFL-Strike any company that does not permit an 8-hour workday • 1892: Strike against the Carnegie Steel Co. • By the Amalgamated Assn of Iron and Steel Workers • Homestead, PA

  16. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xivGospel of Wealth-vii Criticisms of The Gospel of Wealth (ctd) • 1894: Strike against the Pullman Palace Car Co. • Led by Eugene Debs and the American Railway Union • Railroad Workers across the country quit, rather than work on Pullman cars • Pres. Grover Cleveland (22nd and 24th President of the U.S., 1885-89; 1893-97): sends U.S. Marshalls and federal troops to break up strike • Premise: Interfering with delivery of the U.S. Mail • U. S. Supreme Court upholds in in re Debs. • 1898: Illinois Supreme Court forces Pullman to give up his town; Chicago annexes

  17. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xvGospel of Wealth-viii Criticisms of The Gospel of Wealth (ctd) • Mother Jones’s letter to Teddy Roosevelt, 1903 • Condemning exploitation of child labor

  18. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xviCivil Rights-i • Concerning Blacks • Jim Crow Laws: 1876-1965 • Post-reconstruction laws that perpetuated segregation • Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896: Separate but Equal • 1870: Sen. Hiram Revels of Mississippi • 1st Black to serve in Congress • Fills Senate seat previously held by Jefferson Davis

  19. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xvii Civil Rights-ii • Concerning Blacks (ctd) • Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery (1901) • Praises the White man • Address at the Atlanta Exposition (1895) • W. E. B. DuBois • The Souls of Black Folk (1903) • Condemns Booker’s view as “The Atlantic Compromise” • Calls for political power and education for Blacks • “Address to the Niagra Conference” (1906) • Joins the Communist Party and moves to Ghana

  20. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xviii Civil Rights-iii • Concerning Native Americans • Navajo forced onto reservations in southwest by 1863 • Nov. 1862: Massacre in Minnesota: Santee Sioux underChief Little Crow—several hanged • War for the Bozeman Trail (1868) • Crazy Horse wipes out Capt. William Fetterman’s 80 men • April 29, 1868: A peace commission concludes treaty with Red Cloud • June 25, 1876: Custer’s last Stand • Oct. 5, 1877: Chief Joseph surrenders to Gen. Nelson A. Miles: • “I will fight no more forever.” • Dec. 29, 1890: Wounded Knee • Entire Sioux nation surrenders, Jan. 15, 1891

  21. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xix Civil Rights-iv • Concerning Women • Susan B. Anthony“Courtroom speech on women’s right to vote,” 1873 • Carrie Chapman Catt“Speech before congress on women’s suffrage,” 1917 • Converted Wilson and Congress

  22. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xxRoosevelt and Wilson-i • Between Abraham Lincoln and Teddy Roosevelt, Presidents had comparably lighter historical impact • 17th President: Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) • Took over when Lincoln was assassinated • Impeached for firing Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, without Senate approval • Senate trial fell 1 vote short of removing him

  23. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xxi Roosevelt and Wilson-ii • 18th President: U. S. Grant (1869-1877) • 15th Amendment ratified during his administration • Gives Black men the right to vote • Signs Ku Klux Klan Act into law, giving him power “to arrest and break up disguised night marauders.” • 19th President: Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) (discussed earlier in this presentation) • 20th President: James Garfield (Mar. 4-Sept. 19, 1881) • Assassinated

  24. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xxii Roosevelt and Wilson-iii • 21st President: Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885) • 22nd and 24th President: Grover Cleveland (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) • Discussed elsewhere in this presentation • 23rd President: Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) • 25th President: William McKinley (1897-1901) • Assassinated, Sept. 5, 1901 • Vice President Teddy Roosevelt becomes President

  25. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xxiii - Roosevelt and Wilson-iv • Theodore Roosevelt • Assumes the Presidency in 1901 upon McKinley's assassination • Re-elected in 1904 • 26th President • Likes war, but wins Nobel Peace Prize, 1906 • Famous as Roughrider in Spanish American War of 1898 • Promotes conservationism

  26. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xxiv Roosevelt and Wilson-v • Roosevelt (ctd) • Believes that “America must lead the planet” • The Strenuous Life (1900) • Extends Monroe doctrine to cover the entire western hemisphere • Works hard to break up monopolies • Nominated by Progressive Party • Loses to William Howard Taft, 27th President, 1909 • 1910: The Fundamentals published • Establishing a literary basis for Christian fundamentalism

  27. Reconstruction to Progressivism-xxv Roosevelt and Wilson-vi • Woodrow Wilson • 28th President • 1913-1921 • Promoted the League of Nations • 16th and 17th Amendments ratified, 1913 • 16th: Congress can impose income tax without basing it on apportionment • 17th: People can vote directly for U. S. Senators • April 16, 1917: Asked Congress to declare war on Germany to keep the world “Safe for democracy”

  28. The Wars to End All Wars-iSection Overview • This section looks at historical eventswith constitutional relevance that span World War I through World War II • There are 4 subsections • World War I • Prohibition and the Roaring 20s • The Great Depression • World War II

  29. The Wars to End All Wars-iiWorld War I-i • Precursors • June 28, 1914: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria triggers World War I • May 7, 1915: German U-Boat sinks Scottish RMS Lusitania • U.S. animosity toward Germany heats up • But Pres. Wilson keeps us out of war • Jan 19, 1917: Zimmerman note—coded message from German foreign secretary to Mexico: proposes alliance against the U.S. • Declaration and Development • APRIL 16, 1917: Wilson asks Congress to declare war • To keep the world safe for democracy • Army grows from 200,000 to 4 million • May 1917-Selective Service Bill • Strong reaction against Germans in U.S.

  30. The Wars to End All Wars-iiiWorld War I-ii • 10 million killed in WWI. • 112,432 from U.S. • US success in France • July 18-Aug. 6: US wins 2nd battle of the Marne • Then other battles • Sept. 12-Nov. 11: St. Mihiel victory—battled successfully up to the armistice • June 29, 1919: Treaty of Versailles—armistice brings WW I officially to an end • Four empires fall • German • Austro-Hungarian • Russian • Ottoman

  31. The Wars to End All Wars-ivWorld War I-iii • Wilson’s Dream • Wilson’s 14 points for peace to congress on Jan 8, 1918 • Germany destabilized by Treaty of Versailles • U.S. says no to League of Nations • Wilson’s dream ends

  32. The Wars to End All Wars-vWorld War I-iv • Other events during and just after WWI • 1917: Jeanette Rankin, 1st woman to serve Congress (Republican, Montana) • 1918-1919: Influenza killed 21.64 million, 1% of the world’s population. • Russian Revolution of 1917, followed by Bolshevik Revolution • August 1919: Development of the General Intelligence Division • Led by J. Edgar Hoover

  33. The Wars to End All Wars-viProhibition and the Roaring 20s-i • Wild moral swings in American culture shortly after WWI • Jan. 16, 1919: 18th Amendment-Prohibition • Aug. 18, 1920: 19th Amendment- Women get the vote • Scopes Monkey Trial, 1925 • Creation-Evolution debate heats up

  34. The Wars to End All Wars-viiProhibition and the Roaring 20s-ii • The Jazz Age • Captured in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1922) • Youthful rebellion • Increasing cultural role for • Women • African Americans • The Harlem Renaissance (1917-1929) • Some key symbols • The Flapper • Art Deco • The Charleston • Warren Harding became the 29th President in 1921 and died in 1923 • His Vice President, Calvin Coolidge, thus became the 30th President.

  35. The Wars to End All Wars-viiiThe Great Depression-i • Herbert Hoover becomes31st President, 1929 • OCT. 29, 1929—THE STOCK MARKET CRASH • Hoover: • “Prosperity is just around the corner” • No federal aid to individuals • Hoovervilles • The depression is world-wide.

  36. The Wars to End All Wars-ixThe Great Depression-ii • Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected 32nd President, 1932 • NEW DEAL: The federal government commits funds to economic relief and recovery • FDIC & Federal Reserve Board • Home Owners Loan Corp. • Federal Securities Act (1933): Federal government takes control of securities exchange away from states • Civilian Conservation Corps • National Recovery Act • Public Works Administration • Agricultural Administration & Tennessee Valley Authority • Works Progress Administration • Federal Theatre Project • Federal Arts Project • Federal Writers’ Program

  37. The Wars to End All Wars-xThe Great Depression-iii • 20th Amendment ratified Jan. 23, 1933 • Changes dates for the beginning and endingof terms for Congress and the President • Sets rules if no president is elected • 21st Amendment ratified Dec. 5, 1933 • Repeals the 18th Amendment--Prohibition • Social Security Act, 1935

  38. The Wars to End All Wars-xiWorld War II-i • Sept. 1, 1939: Germany Invades Poland • Increased attention on fascism • Hitler, Mussolini, Franco • Sept. 1940: First peace time draft in the U.S. • Jan. 6, 1941: “The Four Freedoms”- • Roosevelt’s State of the Union Address • Four basic freedoms that everyone in the world should enjoy • Freedom of speech and expression • Freedom to worship • Freedom from want • Freedom from fear

  39. The Wars to End All Wars-xiiWorld War II-ii • March 11, 1941: Lend-lease Act: America agrees to give war supplies to support allies against Hitler. • Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor: U.S. officially enters WW II • Feb. 19, 1942: Exec. Order 9066: Japanese American Concentration Camps • June 6, 1944: D-DAY

  40. The Wars to End All Wars-xiiiWorld War II-iii • April 12, 1945: Roosevelt dies • Harry Truman becomes 33rd President • May 7, 1945: V- E Day • War in Europe ends • Aug 6 & 9, 1945:U.S. drops atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Sept. 2, 1945: Japan surrenders • 1945: United Nations

  41. Constitution, Society, and LeadershipWeek 3 Unit 5 The Constitution in Historical Context: Reconstruction through World War II Christopher Dreisbach, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins University

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