Greenhouse Gas Mitigation & CO 2 Storage

1. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation & CO2 Storage Prof. Jenn-Tai Liang Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department The University of Kansas

2. Capture, purification, reuse & storage of CO2 Costs of Capture: • Highly location, technology, energy costs, etc. dependent. • Estimated cost of capture: US$23 ~ $53/t.* * Herzog, MIT 2006

3. Capture, purification, reuse & storage of CO2 Costs of Transportation & Storage: • Highly location, method, energy costs, etc. dependent. • Estimated cost: US$2.92 ~ $4.86/t.* * Herzog, MIT 2006

4. Capture, purification, reuse & storage of CO2 Opportunity Cost: • Estimated opportunity cost for substantial capture & storage activity: US$25 ~ $35/t.* * Herzog, MIT 2006

5. Capture, purification, reuse & storage of CO2 Is geological storage safe? • With careful site selection and characterization, it is generally considered safe to store CO2 in geological formations.

6. Capture, purification, reuse & storage of CO2 Issues with storage in other countries: • Increased costs and risks of leakage during transportation. • Global carbon credit trading not established. • Difficulties in monitoring & verification.

7. Geologic Sequestration • Oil & Gas Reservoirs • Enhanced oil recovery* • Enhanced gas recovery in gas condensate reservoirs* • Depleted oil & gas reservoirs • Reservoir pressure maintenance* • Saline Aquifers • Coal Beds • Enhanced coal bed methane recovery* *income generating

8. Geologic Sequestration Near-term, low-volume implementation: • Store high purity CO2 in local hydrocarbon reservoirs or saline aquifers. • Suitable for industries producing high purity CO2.

9. Geologic Sequestration Long-term, large-scale implementation: • Store CO2 in deep saline aquifers. • Takes decades to build expensive infrastructures for capture and transportation.

10. Geologic Sequestration Key issues: • Costs associated with the CCS. • Storage capacity of venues selected. • Containment longevity. • Monitoring & verification

11. Geologic Sequestration Cost issues: • CCS is expensive. • Needs income generating potential for industries to implement. • Carbon tax credits or government subsidy required for large-scale implementation.

12. Geologic Sequestration Storage-capacity issues: • Requires good geologic model. • Need reservoir simulation for CO2 movement and trapping. • Simulation must couple flow, phase, geochemical, geomechanical models. • Storage capacity estimates must be conservative and Monte Carlo simulation should be used to address uncertainties.

13. Geologic Sequestration Monitoring issues: • Monitoring strategy should be site specific and risk based: • Risk profile differs in different geological formations. • Best developed monitoring methods: • Seismic • Pressure • Vegetative stress • Eddy covariance and flux accumulation chamber

14. Geologic Sequestration Verification issues: • Detection limit and precision of measurements must be established to insure accurate and cost-effective inventory accounting. • Methods for establishing detection limit: • Fraction of background CO2 flux • Prescribed CO2 flux • Specified CO2 emission per year • Percent of CO2 will be injected

15. Where should Taiwan be heading? Learn from others first (do not reinvent the wheel): CCS Consortia: • CO2NET, CO2NET3, CO2ReMoVe (EU-funded consortia) • CCP, GCEP (Industry-funded consortia) • GEODISC, CO2CRC (Australia) Commercial Projects: • Weyburn project – CO2 EOR (EnCana) • Salah project – Saline formation (BP) • Sleipner project – CO2-rich gas reservoir (Statoil) Pilot projects: • Nagaoka pilot (RITE of Japan) • Frio Brine pilot (Texas BEG)

16. Where should Taiwan be heading? Things can be done “NOW”: • Survey suitable geological formations for CO2 storage. • Gain site assessment experience using well- characterized CPC gas reservoirs: • use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate storage capacity, • use reservoir model to simulate long-term CO2 trapping and movements, • establish risk profile and develop monitoring strategy, • evaluate sub- and above-surface monitoring methods, • estimate costs.

17. Where should Taiwan be heading? Roles of industries, government, and academia: • Oil and gas industry, geological surveys, and academia need to work together to identify sites that can be used to store CO2safely, near permanently, and cost effectively. • Government should sponsor pilot demonstration projects to validate findings from feasibility studies.

18. Where should Taiwan be heading? Roles of industries, government, and academia: • Government should sponsor outreach program through education, forums to gain public support. • The outreach program should address the status of current technological developments and the risks involved in CCS. • Including NGOs’ views in an objective fashion is crucial to gaining public acceptance.