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Judges & Kings; Exile & Return

Judges & Kings; Exile & Return. Historical Developments in Jewish Traditions Rels 120 – 28 January 2014. Pre-1000 BCE. Abraham – 2000 BCE appointed by God to be a father of many nations Land of Canaan promised to Abraham’s descendants → migration into Egypt; enslavement by Pharoah.

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Judges & Kings; Exile & Return

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  1. 120 - appleby

  2. Judges & Kings; Exile & Return Historical Developmentsin Jewish Traditions Rels 120 – 28 January 2014

  3. Pre-1000 BCE Abraham – 2000 BCE • appointed by God to be a father of many nations • Land of Canaan promised to Abraham’s descendants → migration into Egypt; enslavement by Pharoah Moses – mid-1200s BCE • Hebrew leader and prophet • delivers the Israelites from slavery in Egypt • receives God’s law on Mount Sinai • leads people to promised land 120 - appleby

  4. The Covenant at Sinai Moses meets with God on the mountain and enters into a Covenant; God gives Moses a set of commandments for the people • http://www.biblegateway.com/resources/audio/ • Exodus 19 and 20 • http://www.biblegateway.com/audio/dramatized/niv/Exod.20 120 - appleby

  5. The Mosaic Covenant – “I will be your God, and you will be my People” A Covenant is a mutual contract in which each partner has duties that must be fulfilled God will continue to care for the Chosen people and make them a holy nation The Chosen people will fulfill God’s commandments • 10 specific moral rules are given by God to Moses If Israel is obedient, then God will bless them; but if they disobey, then God will punish them The sign of the Covenant is the Day of Rest – the Sabbath Day (Shabbat in Hebrew) 120 - appleby

  6. The 10 Commandments • You shall have no other Gods but me. • You shall not make for yourself any idol, nor bow down to it or worship it. • You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God. • You shall remember and keep the Sabbath day holy. • Respect your father and mother. • You must not kill. • You must not commit adultery. • You must not steal. • You must not give false evidence against your neighbour. • You must not be envious of your neighbour's goods. You shall not be envious of his house nor his wife, nor anything that belongs to your neighbour. 120 - appleby

  7. Roots of Jewish Identity They understand themselves to be God’s chosen people – Chosento be a holy people = set apart; separate from the nations • Jewish dietary rules provide an example of the way in which the people would be known as set apart In a covenantalrelationship with God with Signs • Abrahamic covenant = circumcision • Mosaic covenant = keeping the Sabbath as a day of rest 120 - appleby

  8. 1000 BCE to 500 BCE Israelites enter Canaan, the promised land; lived in tribal groups with leaders called judges Increasing threats – Israelites clamour for a king and an army – “like the other nations” Saul is chosen by God and anointed as king by the prophet 1000 BCE: David, the 2nd king, finally unites the northern tribes of Israel and the southern tribes of Judah into one nation Jerusalem is captured from the Canaanites; becomes the centre of the kingdom and the holy city The Ark of the Covenant – holding the stone tablets with the commandments on them – is brought to Jerusalem 120 - appleby

  9. 1000 BCE to 500 BCE • Solomon succeeded David as king; built the first Temple in Jerusalem • 900 BCE – Judah and Israel separated again into 2 kingdoms • God spoke to the people through prophets; reminding them of their obligations to one another and to the poor • During the time of the prophets, Israel returned to monotheism – “no other God beside me” • If Israel failed to fulfill their obligations, God would choose another nation to punish Israel • Central creed of Judaism was formulated in the time of the prophets – calling people to return to the Covenant 120 - appleby

  10. Disobedience and punishment • 721 BCE: Assyria defeated kingdom of Israel and enslaved the people • 621 BCE: Josiah, king of Judah, tried to initiate return to obedience, renewal of the covenant, and temple sacrifices • 586 BCE: Babylonians defeated the Assyrians, destroyed the temple in Jerusalem, and captured and enslaved the people of Judah • At the time of the Babylonian exile, a 2nd generation of prophets arose – Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Isaiah • Told the people that God was punishing Israel for failing to keep the covenant • When the Persians in turn conquered the Babylonians, the Israelites were permitted to return to the promised land 120 - appleby

  11. Return from exile • 520-515 BCE: 1st group returns • 458 BCE:2nd group returns • Leaders (led by Ezra the priest) insisted on Israel’s need to purify and rededicate itself to God’s covenant; to once again be a holy people • Next 400 years – repeated wars; Israel conquered by Alexander the Great, the Ptolemies, and then the Seleucids • Hellenic rulers demanded that Israelites worship Greek gods; many Jews refused and were severely persecuted • 198-167 BCE:Jews revolted under the leadership of the Maccabees; by 63 BCE,Roman leaders had taken on protection of the people of Israel 120 - appleby

  12. The Prophetic Tradition Central Message – always: • Repent; purify themselves • Return to God; once again be God’s holy people – separate from the nations • Return to the covenant; renew the covenant • Stray from God  punishment Some of the Prophets of Israel: • Elijah • Hosea • Isaiah • Jeremiah • Joel • Amos • Daniel • Jonah • Micah • . . . 120 - appleby

  13. The Prophetic Message • The next 4 slides portray four significant prophets in Jewish history • By accessing the links to the Audio Bible, from the Bible Gateway website (http://www.biblegateway.com/resources/audio) you can listen to the suggested segment corresponding to the prophetic message 120 - appleby

  14. Elijah (c. 900 BCE) • Israelites had begun to worship Baal, one of the gods of the Phoenicians • Elijah called the people to reject the cult of Baal and return to the God of Israel • Otherwise, they would be cast aside by God • I Kings 18, http://www.biblegateway.com/audio/mclean/niv/1kgs.18 “Elijah went before the people and said, “How long will you waver between two opinions? If the LORD is God, follow him; but if Baal is God, follow him.” 120 - appleby

  15. Who was Baal? Canaanite Sun-god God of fertility Associated with goddess Ashtoreth Worshipped with sexual rites and sacrifices • Both beneficent and destructive • gave light and warmth to his worshippers • fierce heats of the summer sun destroyed vegetation he had himself brought into being • drought, plague → human victims sacrificed to appease his anger • the victim would be the first-born of the sacrificer and would be burnt alive 120 - appleby

  16. Hosea (c. 750 BCE) • The people of Israel again had turned to worshiping pagan gods • Hosea warned the people to repent for their sins and the people’s unfaithfulness to God • Speaks of God as a “loving Father” Hosea 14: http://www.biblegateway.com/resources/audio/ http://www.biblegateway.com/audio/mclean/niv/Hos.14 120 - appleby

  17. Isaiah (c. 750 BCE) • Israel’s existence was threatened by the Assyrian empire • Isaiah said that the threat was a warning from God • Isaiah called for justice, trust in God and a return to the covenant • Isaiah also told of God’s promise to send a messiah to save the people • Isaiah 58: http://www.biblegateway.com/resources/audio/ • http://www.biblegateway.com/audio/dramatized/niv/Isa.58 120 - appleby

  18. Jeremiah (c. 600 BCE) • Jeremiah warns Israel of impending doom • Speaks of God’s universal righteousness • Prophesies that the Temple would be destroyed “This is what the LORD Almighty, the God of Israel, says: “Reform your ways and your actions, and I will let you live in this place. Do not trust in deceptive words and say, “This is the temple of the LORD, the temple of the LORD, the temple of the LORD!” If you really change your ways and your actions and deal with each other justly, if you do not oppress the foreigner, the fatherless or the widow and do not shed innocent blood in this place, and if you do not follow other gods to your own harm, then I will let you live in this place, in the land I gave your ancestors for ever and ever.” (Jer 7) 120 - appleby

  19. ShemaHear, O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One. Blessed be the Name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever. And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. And these words that I command you today shall be in your heart. And you shall teach them diligently to your children, and you shall speak of them when you sit at home, and when you walk along the way, and when you lie down and when you rise up. And you shall bind them as a sign on your hand, and they shall be for frontlets between your eyes. And you shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates. 120 - appleby

  20. http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Scripture/Torah/The_Shema/Shema1/shema1.htmlthe Hebrew Text of the ShemaPrayerhttp://www.hebrew4christians.com/Scripture/Torah/The_Shema/Keriat_Shema/keriat_shema.html 120 - appleby

  21. Roots of Jewish Identity They understand themselves to be God’s chosen people – Chosento be a holy people = set apart; separate from the nations In a covenantalrelationship with God • Signs of the covenant: • Abrahamic covenant = circumcision • Mosaic covenant = keeping the Sabbath as a day of rest 120 - appleby

  22. The Current Debate http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oW1Ndxg-iTw (Jewish News One) Does circumcision violate the bodily integrity and human rights of male children? Should it be banned by law? 120 - appleby

  23. Spiritual Practice of Justice In your table group, read about the basic practice of Justice As a group, choose ONEactivity to do over the next week • Plan to discuss your activity together next week. 120 - appleby

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