Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Native American Cultures/ Prehistoric America

2. Main Idea: Groups of early humansmigrated to America • To migrate means to movement to a new homeland for a large group of people.

3. Arrival of the First Americans • Who were the first Americans? Between 70,000 to 10,000 years ago groups of early humans came to North America . At this time the earth was going through a period called an Ice Age. These early people were the ancestors of the American Indians.

4. Where did they come from? Most experts believe that small groups crossed a land bridge that connected Asia and N. America. Some also believe they crossed from Europe.

5. Where was the land bridge located? At the Bering Strait 1. Another name: Beringia 2. When did the land bridge connect Asia and North America? During the last Ice Age between 100,000 to 10,000 years ago, the land bridge appeared.

6. 3. An Ice Age is a long period of Earth’s history when global climates cooled allowing huge glaciers to extend covering huge areas. 4. A glacier is a huge mass of moving ice. Continental glaciers are the size of countries.

7. 5. Scientists believe there have been at least 4 ice ages 6. During the last ice age, did these glaciers extend down to what is today Illinois? Yes

8. 7. How did the land Bridge appear? During the last ice age the level of the oceans dropped exposing the land.

9. 8. How did it disappear? As the temperatures rose, the glaciers melted and the ocean levels rose.

10. Crossing Beringia 1. Why did early humans migrate across the land bridge? They did not know where they were going. The #1 believed reason: they followed herds of animals which were their food.

11. 2. What animals did they hunt? mammoths, saber toothed tigers, elk • How did they hunt large animals like mammoths? Groups of hunters worked together to stalk, the herds, charge, and hurl spears

12. Why might early humans have made tools in different shapes? Tools were made to fit different tasks such as chopping, points for spears, and scraping.

13. What was the main building material for these tools? Stone It was easily available, strong, and easy to shape.

14. E. How did they cross? Some scientists believe there was a corridor of land through the glaciers. It may have been along the coast or at the top of the Rockies.

15. F. Another group of scientists believe glaciers may have connected Europe & N. America. Groups could have crossed in boats staying at the edge of the glaciers.

16. G. The descendants of these groups of early people eventually spread out to populate all of N. & S. America.

17. What caused them to continue to spread out throughout the regions? looking for better hunting grounds looking for better climate looking for better terrain to farm Conflict with others

18. 2. Gradually many groups who were mostly hunters and gatherers learned how to: grow (farm) crops 3. What happened to allow this to develop? Many of the large animals like mammoths were becoming scarce.

19. The climate was changing so some animals could not adapt and died out. Some animals may have been overhunted.

20. 4. How did farming change the lives of these people? -People who farmed no longer had to move constantly in search of food. -They built permanent villages. -More food allowed population to rise.

21. II. Evidence A. What scientists specialize in the study of the evidence left behind by early people? Archaeologist

22. B. Examples of evidence: 1. Artifacts These are tools, weapons, carvings, & other things made by earlier people. Clovis Points found in N. America

23. 2. Geological evidence -Great Lakes formed by glaciers. - Long Island & Cape Cod were formed by debris pushed in front of the huge glaciers. -Areas of land flattened to form plains.

24. 3. Fossils are the remains of once living things imprinted in rock. C. The scientist who specializes in the study of fossils is a Paleontologist

25. What is carbon-dating? a method for estimating an artifact’s age; It measures the amount of radioactive carbon

26. III. Culture • Culture is the entire way of life that a group of people have developed.

27. When studying a group’s culture one examines their culture traits. 1. customs 2. language KNOW 3. beliefs (religion) 5 4. values (right & wrong) 5. building practices 6. clothing practices 7. government 8. major ways of making a living. 9. art

28. Languages • Top Languages spoken in U.S. English Russian Spanish Arabic French Native Amer. German Italian Chinese

29. Religions • Largest religious groups within U.S. 2004 Christianity-76.5% of population Nonreligious-13.2% Judaism-1.3% Islam-0.5% Buddhism-0.4% Hinduism-0.4% • Largest Christian (2002):Protestant-52% Catholic (24%)Mormon(2%)Orthodox 1%

30. What does Freedom of Religion mean? Freedom of religion means we have the right to worship, or if we choose not to worship, as we please as long as we don’t break laws and abuse the rights of others while we do it.

31. Types of Governments • Monarchy: Rule by inherited leaders like kings and queens • Oligarchy: Rule by a few; dictatorships Military leaders • Republic: Representative Democracy citizens elect other citizens to govern.

32. Economic Systems Communism: Govt. controls means of production such as factories, schools, hospitals, stores, utilities like electricity, communications, etc.; people have very little private ownership Socialism: Govt. controls key means of production such as utilities, hospitals; more private ownership by people. Capitalism: Mostly private ownership with govt. overseeing practices

33. Customs Inuit first born practices Rights of manhood contests – Native Amer. Meaning of colors-White for weddings Jewelry- wooden plates stretch ears and lower lip

34. foods

35. Building Practices

37. IV. Mesoamerican Civilizations A. 4 major Indian civilizations from earliest to latest: Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inca

38. B. Locations 1. Olmec: Mexico, Guatemala, & Honduras (Central Amer) 2. Maya: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, & Belize

39. Aztec: Mexico • Inca: Western highland of South America from Colombia, Argentina, to Chile. Center was Peru.

40. C. Accomplishments • Olmec Lived between 1500- 3000 BC They built stone pavements and drainage systems & sculpted huge monuments.

41. Why do you think early civilizations developed along large bodies of water? source of food, transportation, water for crops, drinking • Maya: They built several large cities each with at least one stone pyramid.

42. The largest Mayan city was Tikal and had 5 pyramids. They developed a system of writing called hieroglyphics. • A theocracy is a society ruled by religious leaders.

43. They were successful farmers and traders transporting good such as: maize, vegetables, jade, turquoise jewelry and cacao beans. • The Aztecs: The greatest Aztec city was its capital named Tenochtitlan.

44. Describe the city: It was built on an island. It was built in the center of a lake and swamp. Causeways were built above the swamp. 100,000 people lived there. • The Aztecs created an empire: They conquered their neighbors forcing them to obey Aztec govt.

45. The conquered neighbors were forced to work for them & pay taxes.

46. Inca: This was the largest of the empires. The capital was Cuzco. The Inca empire stretched more than 3,000 miles and had a population of 9 million. To connect this empire they built 10,000 miles of roads.

47. What were quipus? This was a system of record keeping using rope and knots. • What did the Inca develop to be able to farm on slopes of mountains and hills? terraces

48. C. Machu Pi cchu: Large Incan city high in the Andes Mountains

49. They developed a Language for their entire empire called> Quechua

50. V. Early American Culture Groups A. The Mound Builders 1. Where did they live? They lived in a region from Wisconsin to Florida & from the Appalachians to the Miss. River valley.