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Understanding Nouns in Latin: Case, Declension, and Gender Concepts

Explore key concepts like declension, prepositions, and noun cases in Latin to understand subjects, objects, and possessives. Practice declining nouns and agreeing adjectives with examples.

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Understanding Nouns in Latin: Case, Declension, and Gender Concepts

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  1. Chapter 2 Nouns!

  2. Key Concepts for Sept. 2 • Case (nom., gen., dat., acc., abl., voc.) • Declension • “To decline” • First declension • Preposition • Gender

  3. In English… • How do we know what a subject, object, indirect object, predicate, object of the preposition, and possessive are? • E.G. Marla is Bob’s doctor and sells organs to shady people on the internet.

  4. In Latin… • We use CASES

  5. Nominative 1) SUBJECT of sentence “Marla is giving Bob a kidney” “Doctors give organs in hospitals” 2) PREDICATE NOMINATIVE with LINKING VERB “Marlais a quack”

  6. Genitive • Possession (translate as “____‘s” or “of ___” • Bob’s kidney failed/The kidney of Bob failed 

  7. Dative • Indirect object of verb (translate “to” or “for” ______) • Marla is giving (to) Bob a kidney • Hospitals are for the sick

  8. Accusative • Direct Object of the main verb • AND certain prepositions • Marla gave a kidney.

  9. Ablative • EVERYTHING ELSE! • Especially prepositions: (in, on, at+ablative) • Marla works on the blackmarket. • Marla works with a scalpel. • *prepositional interlude*

  10. Vocative • Direct address case. • Bob, give me your kidney!

  11. Practice • Bob, give the kidney to Marla with her scalpel.

  12. DECLINING nouns • Dictionary form: Porta, portae—gate Portanominative Portaegen. Vocabulary interlude!

  13. Gender • Every noun has a GENDER. • masculine, feminine and neuter • Almost all 1st declension nouns are FEMININE (because ladies first!)

  14. DECLINING nouns • Find the base: take the 2nd dictionary ending and drop the genitive ending • add the endings

  15. Endings for first declension • nominative- a ae • genitive- aeārum • dative- aeīs • accusative- am ās • ablative- āīs • vocative- a ae

  16. Try porta, portae Nominative- Porta (port) Portae Genitive- Portae (of the port) Portārum Dative- Portae (to/for the port) Portīs Accusative- Portam (port) Portās Ablative- Portā (b/w/f the port) Portīs Vocative- Porta (port!) Portae

  17. Prepositonal Pause II • Motion toward the prepositional OBJECT=ACCUSATIVE Erro in villam • Motion @ the prepositional OBJECT =ABLATIVE • Erro in villā

  18. Key Concepts • Adjectives • “To agree” • “To modify”

  19. MANDATORY Macrons • 2nd conjugation theme vowel • Ablative singular for first declension

  20. Adjectives • Definition: • An adjective adds information about a noun or pronouns

  21. In Latin…. • Adjectives decline like nouns….BUT • They AGREE with whatever noun they MODIFY in CASE (nom. gen.), NUMBER (sg. or pl.) and GENDER (m.f. or n.)

  22. Adjectives are tripartite • Adjectives always have three different versions—why?? • Ex. Magnus (masculine), magna (feminine), and magnum (neuter) • Vocabulary interlude!

  23. Finding the base of your adjective 1) Go to the feminine form of the adj. • Magnus, magna, magnum 2) DROP OFF ENDING • Magn- 3) Make the adjective agree with its noun in gender, number, and case Magna, magnae, magnae, magnam, etc.

  24. NB! Masculine Professionalism rule: Nouns that indicate professions in the FIRST DECLENSION are masculine even though they have feminine LOOKING endings: e.g. POETA, POETAE-MASCULINE NAUTA, NAUTAE-MASCULINE

  25. Noun adjective pairing Nominative- Mea PuellaMeaePuellae Genitive- MeaePuellaeMeārumPuellārum Dative- MeaePuellaeMeīsPuellīs Accusative- MeamPuellamMeāsPuellās Ablative- MeāPuellāMeīsPuellīs Vocative- Mea PuellaMeaePuellae *NB: You will have to “Noun-adjective pair” on a test

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