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Outline: Normal Fault Systems and Kinematics

Outline: Normal Fault Systems and Kinematics. Planar Faults and Block Rotation Detachment Faulting Fault Linkage Kinematics of Normal Faulting. Development of Continental Rift into Ocean Basin. Upwelling of hot mantle Thins, weakens, and cracks the lithosphere.

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Outline: Normal Fault Systems and Kinematics

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  1. Outline: Normal Fault Systems and Kinematics • Planar Faults and Block Rotation • Detachment Faulting • Fault Linkage • Kinematics of Normal Faulting

  2. Development of Continental Rift into Ocean Basin Upwelling of hot mantle Thins, weakens, and cracks the lithosphere

  3. Development of Continental Rift into Ocean Basin Rift Valley Early graben formation prior to continental splitting. This stage may be associated with domal uplift caused by uprise of hot upper mantle material - uplift may be connected with underlying mantle hotspots.

  4. Development of Continental Rift into Ocean Basin Young ocean basin Last about 50 my after the onset of seafloor spreading, while the thermal effects are still dominant. Characterized by rapid regional subsidence of the outer shelf and slope, but some graben formation may persist. Example: Red Sea.

  5. Development of Continental Rift into Ocean Basin Mature Ocean basin Subdued regional subsidence may continue. Example: most of the present Atlantic continental margins.

  6. East African Rift Segmentation 16 mm/a (GPS) 9 mm/a (GPS)

  7. Basin and Range Normal Fault Blocks

  8. Rio Grande Rift Segmentation

  9. Death ValleyFault Zone Fault Stepover

  10. Closeup of Stepover

  11. Planar Normal Faults and Block Rotation

  12. Planar Normal Faults and Block Rotation

  13. Domino Block Example

  14. Domino Block Example

  15. Detachment Fault

  16. Detachment Fault

  17. Detachment Fault

  18. Soft-Linked Systems

  19. Kinematics of Normal Faulting • Domino, Bookshelf-Style Normal Faulting • Listric Normal Faulting with Reverse Drag • Imbricate Listric Normal Faulting • Inversion

  20. Domino-Style Normal Faulting

  21. Domino-Style Normal Faulting (bookshelf faulting) Occurs above Detachment faults

  22. Listric-Planar Normal Fault System ???

  23. Listric-Planar Normal Fault System L

  24. Listric Normal Faulting with Reverse Drag

  25. Listric Normal Faulting with Rollover Occurs due to space problem with curved detachment

  26. Imbricate Listric Normal Faulting Synthetic faults also accommodate collapse of HW block

  27. Imbricate Listric Normal Faulting “Meatslices common in large displacement systems

  28. Inversion • Normal faulting • Syn-tectonic deposition of B • Post-tectonic deposition of C

  29. Inversion • Normal faulting • Syn-tectonic deposition of B • Post-tectonic deposition of C • Thrust faulting • Deformation of B and folding of C

  30. References Slides 1, 20, 21 Twiss, R. J. and E. M. Moores, Structural Geology, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, 532 p., 1992. Slides 3-6 http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/faults/normal/domino.htm Slides 7-9 http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/faults/normal/detachment1.htm Slide 10 http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/faults/soft/softnormal.htm Slides 12-19 Davis. G. H. and S. J. Reynolds, Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 776 p., 1996.

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