China

1. China The Ming The Qing

2. The Yuan • Khubilai Khan • Khubilai the grandson of Genghis after the death of Ogodei will name himself the Great Khan. • There will be opposition by those still in Mongolia over this decree. • Khubilai will start to rule from Beijing and in 1271 will create the Yuan Dynasty.

3. The Yuan • Khubilai Khan’s Contributions • Gave China a regional identity • Unify China after the fall of the Song. • Laid the boundaries of modern China • Worked together to bring Mongol and Chinese cultures. • However while trying change the culture of China Khubilai still conformed to the traditional Chinese culture

4. The Yuan • Khubilai’s changes • Did away with the scholar examination system • Placed Mongols in the highest positions in court • Chinese were subordinate to the Mongol • Confucianism was at odds with the rising merchant culture

5. The Yuan • Khubilai Khan • Re-opens the Silk Road which created a Pax Mongolia in which there was a flow of new ideas of religion, technology. • Great amounts of wealth were brought into the Chinese Empire • There was new construction of roads, waterways and cities in China

6. The Yuan • Europeans travelled to China such as Marco Polo • Muslims brought new ideas of science, medicine, astrology • Mandarin became to official language

7. The Yuan • Decline • By 1340 feuding among Mongol princes led to rebellions throughout the empire • Natural disasters coupled with the Black Death lead to a population decline of up to about 40 percent • Many were unhappy with the Mongol culture and wanted to renew the Chinese Culture in China • The Mongols were absorbed into the Chinese culture while others returned home

8. The Ming • In 1368 the Ming will end the Mongol ruled Yuan Empire • The first Ming Emperor Hongwu tried to drive out foreign influence however this was short lived and the Ming tried returning to the Yuan system and this too did not work • There was period of stagnation and by 1430’s there was decline in agriculture and China’s boarders were being threatened.

9. The Ming • Problems with feeding large populations reduced commercial progress • Due to foreign pressure on the boarders technology was restricted so it did not fall into enemies hands. • However major Chinese still produced cultural works in areas such literature, music, poetry and painting.

10. The Ming • By the 1500’s there was a large demand for goods from China • Furniture, silk, blue and white porcelain • By 1550’s China’s economy was flooded with silver from the New World because of the large amount of exports coming out of China. • However poor government monetary policies, and corruption lead to inflation this coupled with epidemics and stagnate agriculture lead to peasant unrest • Also China did something interesting, it closed its door and isolated itself from the world

11. The Ming • Class Question • Why would the Ming isolate themselves from the rest of the world and what effect would this have on China and future dynasties?

12. The Ming • Ming rulers were also cautious about foreigners • Europeans were now drawn to China for it’s goods and technology • In a effort to restrict trade outposts were established to limit trade in China • The Dutch East India Company will be the most successful because they were willing to ask for permission to trade

13. The Qing • By 1570’s the Ming faced many internal and external problems that caused a threat to the dynasty • In the south Japanese pirates • In the north Mongols • In the northwest the Manchu were consolidating power

14. The Qing • In 1592 the Japanese attacked Korea and drove towards China. • The cost of defending China and the movement of people fleeing cost the Ming • In 1640’s internal problems caused the Ming to turn to the Manchu to help stop the rebellions • After the rebellions had stopped the Manchu failed to turn China back over to the Ming • The Manchu would set up the Qing Dynasty and now control China

15. Reading • In the Human Record • Yang Lien page 86-89 and answer the questions for analysis • Emperor Kangxi self portrait 209-213 and answer the questions for analysis

16. The Qing Once the Ming took over China they quickly realized that to control China they needed to adopt many of the Chinese practices The Manchu would control the government however China would need to be turned over to the Chinese. Also there was a growing interest in trade with China by European nations. By the 16th Century Europeans in growing numbers were drawn to the wealth that China had. And Christianity was starting to grow in China. Emperor Kangxi started to use Jesuits to fill government positions.

17. The Qing • With this new European influence China began to look like a European style government. • The Qing had also restored order after the fall of Ming by working on internal problems • Rebuilding roads, lowering taxes, re-settling land and giving land back to the peasants. • By the time Kangxi took power China was back to a time of peace and prosperity which allowed for China to start a policy of expansion of its boarders. • There were wars with both Russia in which China gained land and Mongolia which came under Chinese control.

18. The Qing • While China was expanding internally it was still trying to keep foreign powers out of mainland China • Europeans were only allowed to trade in Canton but by 1790 The British were upset that there was a growing trade deficit • British silver was going into China to pay for tea however the Chinese were not using the same silver to buy British goods-The British did not have anything the Chinese wanted.

19. The Qing The British East India Company was close to bankruptcy Diplomatic talks were a failure in 1792 with Lord George Macartney There was a barrier between the Chinese and the British

20. The Qing Problems within the Qing • China itself was heading into an economic decline caused by a massive population explosion and the lack of food • China had failed to keep current with new technology • Disforestation lead to lack of heating fuel • The Qing had doubled the size of the empire of the Ming and this lead to rebellions • Natural disasters • And then there was

21. The Qing • Opium

22. Song • Conclusion • The Song had developed a large trade and city system in China • The Song had also developed a large seafaring trade system and the largest port in the world • The Song spread Chinese influence across Asia by the means of literature which would influence Japan and Korea