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A Review of the Latest Neurotechnology. Looking Into the Mind’s Eye. Archis R. Bhandarkar. Motivation. “ If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn't.” Emerson Pugh. Overview.
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A Review of the Latest Neurotechnology Looking Into the Mind’s Eye Archis R. Bhandarkar
Motivation “If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn't.” Emerson Pugh
Overview • What strategies do we have to perceive thehuman mind? • Technologies in Scanning/Diagnostics • Technologies in Capturing Individual Neurons • Mathematical Modeling of the Neuron
Positron Emission Tomography • Powerful tool in neurological analysis • Gauge of energy consumption Areas of greater activity (energy consumption) are depicted in RED
Positron Emission Tomography 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Fine anatomic detail of 3D structure using magnetic field scanning Tissues with a lot of water/fat register as a brighter image, whereas bone comes up black
Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI MRS DTI
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy • NON-INVASIVE • Same physics as MRI to trace biochemical concentration
Mathematics Behind DTI • Water molecules tend to diffuse along axons • DTI uses mathematics to trace the molecules
Functional MRI • Hemodynamics (deoxyhemoglobin) • Activity- blood flow correlation
Integrated DTI/fMRI http://www.youtube.com/v/J2ZTjA4BtDA&feature=fvw
Optogenetics • Express opsin genes in organism • Target specific neurons to fire through light exposure
Potential of Optogenetics http://www.youtube.com/v/v7uRFVR9BPU&feature=fvw
Two Photon Calcium Imaging • Tracks calcium ions to trace individual neuron activity
Hodgkin-Huxley Model • Differential equations based on Hodgkin-Huxley study of squid axons • Equivalence of Neuron to Circuit
FitzHugh-Nagumo Model • Simplification of Hodgkin-Huxley
Conclusion • Wide Variety of Perspectives Leads to: • Larger Idea Flow • Broadened Interdisciplinary Research • Greater Tools for Diagnostics • Thank you for listening
Sources • Brain Facts • http://www.uop.edu.jo/download/PdfCourses/caclulus/tensor%20analysis%20intro.pdf • http://www.fmri.org/fmri.htm • http://meteoreservice.com/PDFs/JMRI_DTI.PDF • http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/16473/page2/ • http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Physics_of_Nuclear_Medicine/MRI_%26_Nuclear_Medicine