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Introduction to Computer Systems and Architecture

Learn about the history of computers, from human calculations to digital systems. Understand the evolution from analog to digital computers, binary systems, and the classification of computers by size. Explore the components inside a computer system unit, including CD-ROMs and hard disk drives.

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Introduction to Computer Systems and Architecture

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  1. Introduction to computer Systems. Architecture of computer Systems. SuleymanDemirel University 2017

  2. What Computer word mean? • The term ‘computer’ is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate.

  3. History of Computer • Human calculations • Mechanical tools • Analog computer • Digital computer

  4. Human calculations • Count by putting marks/signs. • Count by fingers. • Count by writing symbols on sand, tree, stone or paper. • Count in mind using knowledge of symbols.

  5. Human calculations

  6. Mechanical tools • Abacus • Punched cards • Mechanical Calculator

  7. Mechanical tools

  8. 1st mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century

  9. Mechanical calculator

  10. Analog Computer • An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changed aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. • Hydraulics (From Greek: Υδραυλική) is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids or fluids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid version of pneumatics.

  11. Analog Computer

  12. Digital Computer • Digital Computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in UK and USA. Digital Computers work by electricity and represent all data in binary system by 1 and 0.

  13. Digital Computer

  14. What is binary system? • In mathematics and digital electronics, a binary number is a number expressed in the binary numeral system orbase-2 numeral system which represents numeric values using two different symbols: typically 0 (zero) and 1 (one). The base-2 system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used internally by almost all modern computers and computer-based devices. Each digit is referred to as a bit.

  15. History of binary system • Binary calculation has been found in: • Egypt, approximately 1200 BC • China, 9th BC • India, 2nd BC and in other cultures… • France, Gottfried Leibnizand the I Ching, 1703 • British mathematician George Boole , 1854

  16. History of binary system

  17. ENIAC • One of the first computers was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). ENIAC was announced in 1946, it was very big computer which took place of big room

  18. ENIAC

  19. What is a Computer? • Computer is electronic device which makes arithmetic and logical operations; it takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of programs and gives result (output). Input Process Output

  20. Input/Process/Output Example: Input 25+25 Process 25+25=50 Output 50

  21. Computer classification by size: Minicomputers Mainframe

  22. Microcomputers • Microcomputers are the most common kind of computers in use as of 2014. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single chip microprocessors. • Labtop • Notebook • Tablets • Smart phones, smart books • Programmable calculator

  23. Microcomputers

  24. Minicomputers • Minicomputers (colloquially, minis) are a class of multi-user computers that lie in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the smallest mainframe computers and the largest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers)

  25. Minicomputers

  26. Mainframe • The term mainframe computer was created to distinguish the traditional, large, institutional computer intended to service multiple users from the smaller, single user machines. 

  27. Mainframe

  28. Supercomputer • A Supercomputer is focused on performing tasks involving intense numerical calculations such as weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical astrophysics, and complex scientific computations. 

  29. Supercomputer

  30. What computer consist of?

  31. What is hardware? • All physical components of Computer

  32. What is inside computer case/system unit?

  33. CD ROM • A CD-ROMisapre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory". Computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable.

  34. CD ROM

  35. Hard Disc Driver • A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed diskis a data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. • Another name of HDD is Winchester.

  36. Another name of HDD is Winchester • 1894, 30-30Winchester • Kenneth E. Haughton in 1973 produced HDD with the name 30-30. • Meaning of 30-30, HDD that had two modules by 30MB.

  37. Hard Disc Driver

  38. History of HDD • First Hard Disk Drive was introduced by IBM in 1956 • The first IBM drive, the 350 RAMAC, was approximately the size of two refrigerators and stored 5 million 6-bit characters (the equivalent of 3.75 million 8-bit bytes) on a stack of 50 discs.

  39. 350 RAMAC

  40. HDD Technology • A hard disk drive records data by magnetizing a thin film of ferromagnetic material on a disk.  • Disk consist of Aluminum or Glass or Ceramic • Ferromagnetic material on Disk is: 10–20 nm in depth • For reference, a standard piece of copy paper is: (70,000-180,000nm)

  41. HDD Technology

  42. Disk Surface

  43. Characteristics of Modern HDD • Interface • Capacity • Dimension • Random Access Time • Spindle Speed • Reliability • G-shock rating • Transfer Rate

  44. Interface • Hard disk drives are accessed over one of a number of bus types • BUS Types • ATA • SATA • SCSI • SASA • Fiber Chanel

  45. ATA, IDE, PATA • AT Attachment • Integrated Drive Electronics • Parallel ATA • Max Bitrate: 133MB/s

  46. SATA • Serial Advanced Technology Attachment • SATA v 1.0 – 1.5GB/s • SATA v 2.0 – 3GB/s • SATA v 3.0 – 6 GB/s

  47. SCSI • Small Computer System Interface • Bitrate up to 640 MB/s

  48. SAS • Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) • In 2012 estimated max Bitrate: 12GB/s

  49. FireWire • IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i-Link) • Bitrate: 3.2GB/s

  50. Fiber Channel • Bitrate: 21GB/s

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