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D. Borello*, G.Giuli** and F. Rispoli*

A CFD METHODOLOGY FOR FIRE SPREAD AND RADIATIVE EFFECTS SIMULATION IN LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION TUNNELS: APPLICATION TO THE MEMORIAL TUNNEL. D. Borello*, G.Giuli** and F. Rispoli* *DepartMent of Mechanics and Aeronautics University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’

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D. Borello*, G.Giuli** and F. Rispoli*

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  1. A CFD METHODOLOGY FOR FIRE SPREAD AND RADIATIVE EFFECTS SIMULATION IN LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION TUNNELS: APPLICATION TO THE MEMORIAL TUNNEL D. Borello*, G.Giuli** and F. Rispoli* *DepartMent of Mechanics and Aeronautics University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ **ENEA – Italian Agency for the Energy, the New Technologies and the Environment International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  2. INDEX • MOTIVATIONS • MEMORIAL TUNNEL DESCRIPTION • FLOW MODELS • NUMERICAL DETAILS • NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  3. MOTIVATIONS • MAJOR INTEREST IN TUNNEL SAFETY AND POLLUTION CONTROL • EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS GIVE PARTIAL FLOW INFORMATION • DEVELOPING A NUMERICAL METHODOLOGY DEVOTED TO TUNNEL FLOW SIMULATION ABLE TO: • PREDICT THE FLOW BEHAVIOR IN OPERATING CONDITIONS • DESCRIBE THE FIRE SPREAD IN ORDER TO: • PREDICT MAIN FLOW PHENOMENA BACK-LAYERING AND SMOKE DIFFUSION • DEFINE THE BEST VENTILATION CONFIGURATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  4. MEMORIAL TUNNEL 1/5Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation ProgramMassachusetts Highway Department & Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff, Massachusetts, November 1995 • EXPERIMENTAL CAMPAIGN (1995) • LONGITUDINAL, TRANSVERSAL, MIXED CONFIGURATIONS • LONGITUDINAL CONFIGURATION : 15 JET FANS (in groups of three) • LENGTH: 853m, PASSAGE SECTION: 60.4 m2, SLOPE: 3.2 % • JET FAN: air velocity: 34.2 m/s, mass flow rate: 43 m3/s International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  5. NORTH ROOM SOUTH ROOM 811 m 21.3m 853,7 m 4.33 m Sect. A Sect. B 0.91 m 0.76 m Walkway 0.91 m sect. A sect. B 7.86m 7.86m sect. B sect. A 8.76 m 8.76 m 4.33 m y y z x MEMORIAL TUNNEL 2/5 • SECTIONS International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  6. 1 4 853.7 m 2 5 3 6 0 m 95 190 285 379 474 615 N o r t h S o u t h Jet Fans Flow x Pan z ON ON Slope 3,2 % 10 13 14 11 15 12 7 8 9 MEMORIAL TUNNEL 3/5 • PLANT I N L E T O U T L E T International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  7. MEMORIAL TUNNEL 4/4 • PANS International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  8. MEMORIAL TUNNEL 5/5 • JET FANS International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  9. FLOW MODELS • 3-DIMENSIONAL, STEADY, TURBULENT REACTING FLOW • TURBULENCE MODELING • STANDARD k-e MODEL (Jones and Launder, 1988) • BUOYANCY MODELING • COMBUSTION MODELING • HEAT SOURCE PLACED IN THE FIRE LOCATION • RADIATION MODELING • IMMERSOL SYNTHETIC TREATMENT (Spalding, 1991) • NO RADIATION MODELING (Pucher et al., 2001) International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  10. R = 4.33 m 2.44 m R = 2.1 m  1.575 m 3.48 m 8.76 m Walkway y x NUMERICS 1/2 • COMPUTATIONAL GRID: 31 X 30 X 327 cells International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  11. NUMERICS 2/2 • BFC GRIDS • GENERALISED CO-LOCATED SCHEME • SIMPLE SOLUTION SCHEME • FALSE TIME STEP RELAXATION FOR V and T • WALL ROUGHNESS : 3 mm International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  12. ANALYSED TEST CASES • COLD FLOW TEST: (T-A) – 15 JET FANS • T606A FIRE TEST (10 MW): (T-B, T-C) – 2 JET FANS International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  13. NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN 1/10COLD FLOW SIMULATION • OPERATING CONDITIONS: • 15 ACTIVE FANS • SWIRL NUMBER: 0.5 • CONSTANT PROPERTIES GAS • WALL LAW FOR VELOCITY INSIDE THE TUNNEL • FREE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN INLET AND OUTLET • COMPARISONS International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  14. NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN 2/10FIRE SIMULATION • TEST CASE T606A 10 MW • OPERATING CONDITIONS: • 2 ACTIVE FANS • SWIRL NUMBER: 0.5 • IDEAL GAS • WALL LAW FOR VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE • FREE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN INLET AND OUTLET • SYNTHETIC AND DIRECT RADIATION SIMULATION International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  15. NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN 3/10FIRE SIMULATION • CRITICAL VELOCITY: 1.8 m/s (104 m3/s) • COMPARISONS International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  16. NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN 4/10FIRE SIMULATION • COMPARISONS ( V and T PROFILES) • MEASUREMENT POSITIONS International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  17. Pan NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN 5/10FIRE SIMULATION • COMPARISONS ( T and V PROFILES) L214 (18 m) a)b) V (m/s) T (°C) Loop 214 – Temperature (a) and velocity (b) profiles International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  18. Pan NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN 6/10FIRE SIMULATION • COMPARISONS ( T and V PROFILES) L209 (321 m) a)b) T (°C) V (m/s) Loop 209 – Temperature (a) and velocity (b) profiles International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  19. Pan NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN 7/10FIRE SIMULATION • COMPARISONS ( T and V PROFILES) L305 (604 m) a)b) T (°C) V (m/s) Loop 305 – Temperature (a) and velocity (b) profiles International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  20. NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN 8/10FIRE SIMULATION • COMPARISONS ( T and V PROFILES) L302 (681 m) Pan a)b) V (m/s) T (°C) Loop 302 – Temperature (a) and velocity (b) profiles International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  21. Pan NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN 9/10FIRE SIMULATION • COMPARISONS ( T and V PROFILES) L202 (833 m) a)b) V (m/s) T (°C) Loop 202 – Temperature (a) and velocity (b) profiles International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  22. NUMERICAL CAMPAIGN 10/10FIRE SIMULATION • T contours International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  23. CONCLUSIONS • AN ACCURATE METHODOLOGY FOR FIRE SIMULATION IN TUNNELS HAS BEEN DESCRIBED • THE PREDICTION CAPABILITIES HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN CRITICAL FLOW CONDITIONS • SUCCESSFUL SIMULATION OF RADIATION PHENOMENA International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

  24. S. GOTTARDO – 17 KmSwitzerland 24.10.2001 International PHOENICS User Conference – 23-27 September, 2002 – Moscow

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