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Weight and Balance Private Pilot Ground School

Weight and Balance Private Pilot Ground School. M J Hanwright. A study tool developed by M.J. Hanwright as part of the development training for CFI certification under the supervision of Joseph J. Zubay, CFI. Weight Certified to a maximum gross weight (refer POH)

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Weight and Balance Private Pilot Ground School

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  1. Weight and BalancePrivate Pilot Ground School M J Hanwright A study tool developed by M.J. Hanwright as part of the development training for CFI certification under the supervision of Joseph J. Zubay, CFI.

  2. Weight • Certified to a maximum gross weight (refer POH) • Structural strength of landing gear • Power (weight v horse power) • Wing loading (strength of the wing) • Effects of overloading an aircraft • Longer take off and landing roll (major impact with high density altitude) • Increased wing loading (maneuvers, turbulence) • Requires extra lift to support additional weight • Increases stall speed • Decreases cruise speed (increased drag) • Categories assigned based on weight the wing structure can sustain • Normal 3.8G + 1.5G – • Straight and level flight is 1G loading • 60 degree bank is 2G loading (double the weight supported by the wings)

  3. Weight & Balance • CG (center of Gravity) • Point where aircraft would balance if suspended • CG limits (or envelope) set forward and aft of GC by manufacturer • Will have different GC limits if certified in more than one category • Loading the aircraft will shift the CG • Effects of Forward loading • Requires more tail down force and therefore higher angle of attack (reduce cruise speed) • Longer take off roll • Improved longitudinal (pitch) stability (more tail down force) • If past limits - Lack of elevator authority – maybe difficult to flare • Effect of Rearward loading • Requires less tail down force – lower angel of attack (increased cruise speed) • Reduced longitudinal stability (pitch) – if past limits maybe difficult to maintain • Higher risk of stall / spin (flat spin) GG limits normal category GG limits utility category

  4. Weight & Balance – Terms • Datum • Reference point (vertical plane) • for measurements of horizontal distances • ARM • The distance measured from the Datum • Measured in inches • Can be negative • Moment • Weight x Arm = Moment (lb- in) • CG = Total Moment divided by total Weight Rear passengers Baggage Pilot & Front passenger Fuel 20.2 inches 110.5 inches

  5. Weight & Balance - Terms • Basic Empty weight • weight of the airplane plus optional equipment • includes unusable fuel • includes engine oil and operating fluids • Every airplane is different – consult the POH • Licensed Empty Weight • Basic empty weight WITHOUT engine oil • Includes undrainable oil only

  6. Weight and Balance Calculations Weight ARM Moment Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total CG = Moment / Weight

  7. 1. Determine the momement with the following data lbs Moment / 1000 Empty Weight 1350 51.5 Pilot and front passenger 340 Fuel (Std tanks) capacity Oil 8 qts 15 -0.2 A – 69.9 lbs – in B - 74.9 lbs – in C - 77.0 lbs - in

  8. Weight and Balance Calculations Weight ARM Moment Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total CG = Moment / Weight

  9. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total CG = Moment / Weight Weight ARM Moment 51.5 x 1000 = 51500 51500 1350 340 MOM / 1000 51.5 1350 Empty Weight …………………...... Front seat occupants............................................ Fuel ( STD Tanks )................................................ Oil …………………………………………………… 340 capacity 15 -0.2 MOM / 1000

  10. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total CG = Moment / Weight Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 340 228 -0.2 x 1000 = -200 15 -200 MOM / 1000 51.5 1350 Empty Weight …………………...... Front seat occupants............................................ Fuel...................................................................... Oil …………………………………………………… 340 38gal x 6 = 228 lb capacity 15 -0.2 MOM / 1000

  11. 12.6

  12. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total CG = Moment / Weight Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 12.6 x 1000 = 12600 12600 350 228 15 - 200

  13. 11

  14. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 12600 340 11000 11 x 1000 = 11000 228 15 - 200 1933 74900 Answer A – 69.9 lbs – in B - 74.9 lbs – in C - 77.0 lbs - in 74900 / 1000 74.9 lbs - in

  15. 2. What is the maximum amount of fuel that may be aboard the airplane on takeoff if it is loaded as follows? lbs Moment / 1000 Empty Weight 1350 51.5 Pilot and front passenger 340 Rear passengers 310 Baggage 45 Oil 8qts 15 -0.2 A – 24 gal B – 34 gal C – 40 gal

  16. Weight and Balance Calculations Weight ARM Moment Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total CG = Moment / Weight

  17. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total CG = Moment / Weight Weight ARM Moment 51.5 x 1000 = 51500 51500 1350 340 310 45 -200 15 2060 MOM / 1000 51.5 1350 Empty Weight ………………….......................... Pilot and front passenger..................................... Rear passengers ....................................... Baggage................................................................ Oil …………………………………………………… Fuel.....................................................................???. 340 310 45 15 -200

  18. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 340 310 45 -200 15 2060 Max Weight 2300 lb Current weight 2060 lb Weight below gross 240 lb Answers A – 24 gal B – 34 gal C – 40 gal Is the CG OK ????? 240 lb / 6 lb = 40 gal

  19. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 340 310 45 240 -200 15 2300 Max Weight 2300 lb Current weight 2060 lb Weight below gross 240 lb

  20. 12.6

  21. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 12.6 x 1000 = 12600 12600 340 310 45 240 15 - 200 2300

  22. 22.7

  23. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 1350 51500 12600 340 22700 22.7 x 1000 = 22700 310 45 240 15 - 200 2300

  24. 4

  25. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 1350 51500 12600 340 22700 310 4 x 1000 = 4000 4000 45 240 15 - 200 2300

  26. 11.6

  27. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 12600 340 22700 310 45 4000 11600 11.6 x 1000 = 11600 240 15 - 200 2300 102200 102200 /1000 = 102.2 lb - in

  28. 3. What is the maximum amount of baggage that may be loaded aboard the airplane for the CG to remain within the loading envelope? lbs Moment / 1000 Empty Weight 1350 51.5 Pilot and front passenger 250 Rear passengers 400 Baggage ? Fuel 30 gal Oil 8qts 15 -0.2 A – 120 lb B – 105 lb C – 90 lb

  29. Weight and Balance Calculations Weight ARM Moment Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total CG = Moment / Weight

  30. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total CG = Moment / Weight Weight ARM Moment 51.5 x 1000 = 51500 51500 1350 250 400 180 -200 15 2195 MOM / 1000 51.5 1350 Empty Weight ………………….......................... Pilot and front passenger..................................... Rear passengers ....................................... Baggage................................................................ Oil …………………………………………………… Fuel..................................................................... 30 Gal 250 400 ???? 15 -0.2 Fuel 30 x 6 = 180 lb

  31. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 250 400 180 -200 15 2195 Max Weight 2300 lb Current weight 2195 lb Weight below gross 105 lb Answers A – 120 lb B – 105 lb C – 90 lb Is the CG OK ?????

  32. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 250 400 105 180 -200 15 2300 Max Weight 2300 lb Current weight 2195 lb Weight below gross 105 lb

  33. 9.5

  34. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 9.5 x 1000 = 9500 9500 250 400 105 180 15 - 200 2300

  35. 29.5

  36. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 1350 51500 9500 250 29500 29.5 x 1000 = 29500 400 105 180 15 - 200 2300

  37. 10

  38. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 1350 51500 9500 250 29500 400 10 x 1000 = 10000 10000 105 180 15 - 200 2300

  39. 8.7

  40. Weight and Balance Calculations Empty weight Pilot & Front Passenger Rear Passengers Baggage area 1 Baggage area 2 Fuel main tanks Fuel Aux tanks Oil Total Weight ARM Moment 51500 1350 9500 250 29000 400 105 10000 8700 8.7 x 1000 = 8700 180 15 - 200 2300 109000 109000 /1000 = 109 lb - in

  41. 4. Calculate the moment of the airplane and determine which category is applicable. lbs Mom / 1000 Empty weight 1350 51.5 Pilot and front passenger 310 Rear passenger 96 Fuel 48 gal. Oil 8qt -0.2 A – 79.2 utility category B – 80.8 utility category C – 81.2 normal category

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