Galileo did a falling bodies (Gravity) experiment off the leaning tower of Pisa

1. Galileo 1642–Uses observational fact and math to predict future events and results Father of scientific method Observation Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion Galileo did a falling bodies (Gravity) experiment off the leaning tower of Pisa To prove gravity affects all bodies equally regardless of their mass! Galileo used 30x telescope to prove Copernicus was right and the sun was the center of the universe Galileo discovers Pendulum motion math and parabolic arcs

2. Water Rocket Lab Notes:

3. Newton 1643 builds on Galileo’s workcreates physics-causality (Everything has a reason) 1st- Objects at rest tend to stay at rest 2nd-F=ma 3rd-Every action has a reaction Also created the mathematical understanding of gravity; F=GM1M2/r2 and density; D=m/v Tides

4. Storm the Castle Lab Notes:

6. Negative charge Positive charge • Atoms No charge-neutral Electrons circle nucleus in shells, only valence (outer) shell comes inter acts with outside world Positive charge overall

7. Black Disk Lab Notes:

8. Cosmic Voyage –Put the following terms in order form largest to smallest. Notes: Universe Earth Rocks Minerals molecules atoms quarks radiation Super Cluster Local group Milky Way galaxy Solar System Earth Rocks Minerals molecules atoms quarks radiation

9. Size and Scale of the Universe Order the building blocks of our universe in order from smallest to largest. (quark, electron, proton, neutron, atom, molecule, mineral, rock, planet, star, galaxy, universe Structure of known Universe Universe-13.75 billion years old Largest structure to smallest are: Local Super Cluster of Galaxies Local Group Milky Way Galaxy Orion Arm Solar System Earth Image courtesy of The Cosmic Perspective by Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit; Addison Wesley, 2002

11. • Biomedical engineer • Civil engineer • Computer software engineer • Computer support specialist • Computer systems analyst • Environmental engineering technician • Environmental science technician • Hydrologist • Meteorologist • Network architect Evaluate the future career and occupational prospects of science fields. http://www.salaryguideshq.com/

12. E1.1A Generate new questions that can be investigated in the laboratory or field (Use the Storm the castle or some other lab to come up with a question you could cask and write out the experiment. (Rail gun below)

13. E1.1B Evaluate the uncertainties or validity of scientific conclusions using an understanding of sources of measurement error, the challenges of controlling variables, accuracy of data analysis, logic of argument, logic of experimental design, and/or the dependence on underlying assumptions

14. E1.1C Conduct scientific investigations using appropriate tools and techniques (e.g., selecting an instrument that measures the desired quantity—length, volume, weight, time interval, temperature—with the appropriate level of precision)

15. E1.1D Identify patterns in data and relate them to theoretical models

16. E1.1E Describe a reason for a given conclusion using evidence from an investigation

17. E1.2B Identify and critique arguments about personal or societal issues based on scientific evidence

18. E1.2C Develop an understanding of a scientific concept by accessing information from multiple sources. Evaluate the scientific accuracy and significance of the information

19. E2.1 Earth Systems Overview The Earth is a system consisting of four major interacting components: geosphere (crust, mantle, and core), atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), and biosphere (the living part of Earth). Physical, chemical, and biological processes act within and among the four components on a wide range of time scales to continuously change Earth’s crust, oceans, atmosphere, and living organisms. Earth elements move within and between the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere as part of geochemical cycles

20. Earth's atmosphere contains 0.0392% carbon dioxide, CO2, and the biological environment depends upon plants to pull carbon from the air to create the molecules of sugars, proteins, and fats. Using photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to share the electrons of carbon to make the molecules of glucose, an d as a waste product, releasing the molecule oxygen (O2). Through other metabolic processes, plants may change glucose to other sugars, proteins, or fats. Animals get their carbon by eating and digesting plants, so carbon moves through the biology environment. Herbivore eat plants, but are themselves eaten by carnivores. Carbon returns to the physical environment in a number of ways. Both plants and animals respire, so they release CO2 during respiration. Luckily for animals, plants just happen to consume more CO2 through photosynthesis than they can produce. Another route of CO2 back to the physical environment occurs through the death of plants and animals. When organisms die, decomposers consume their bodies. In the process, some of the carbon returns to the physical environment by way of fossilization in rocks like limestone, coal or oil. As subduction around tectonic plate edges occurs, limestone is re-melted and the CO2 is returned to the mantle, where some of it will be released through volcanoes. Some of it remains in the biological environment as other organisms eat the decomposers. Graphite, an inorganic form of carbon you write with!

21. Plate tectonics is the theory of geology that helps explain all features and processes in the geosphere, even the carbon cycle. Large quantities of carbon dioxide can be taken in by the Earth’s plants, algae, and also remain dissolved in ocean water. (65% of all carbon dioxide is found in the deep ocean!) The carbon cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that quantifies the movement of carbon through the four major Earth systems. Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas that makes Earth warm enough to sustain life as we know it. Human industrialization and burning of fossil fuels has dramatically increased the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, making the Earth warmer and changing the climate system. Increased levels of carbon and organic matter make soils richer and allow plants to grow easily. Too much CO2 in the atmosphere and the molecule becomes a pollutant and changes the climate (Weather conditions over ten, hundreds or millions of years.) Biomass levels through a rotation of earth around the sun!

22. E2.1B Analyze the interactions between the major systems (geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere) that make up the Earth

23. E2.1C Explain, using specific examples, how a change in one system affects other Earth systems

24. C4.8 Describe the subatomic particles that make up atoms (protons, neutrons, electrons). • Atoms Positive charge Negative charge No charge-neutral Electrons circle nucleus in shells, only valence (outer) shell comes inter acts with outside world Positive charge overall

25. C4.9 The periods of the periodic table tells the following information about elements. The periodic table arranges all the elements in groups according to their properties. Vertical columns are called GROUPS Mendeleev Periodic table Elements in a period all have the same number of electrons shells Horizontal rows are called PERIODS Describe what the periods of the periodic table tells one about atoms.

26. C4.9 Explain the term “Groups” as it applies to the periodic table Groups are chemical families and all have same number of electrons in outer shell

27. C5.8 Molecules are groups of atoms that cycle through various earth systems.

28. C2.2 Molecules are groups of atoms electrically bound to each other forming groups or chains.