Chapter Four

1. Chapter Four Counseling in a Multicultural and Diverse Society

2. The ADRESSING Model Age/generational Disability Religion Ethnicity/Race Social Status Sexual Orientation Indigenous Heritage National origin Gender

3. Multicultural Counseling Counseling in which the counselor and the client differ Etic perspective- universal qualities exist in counseling are culturally generalizable Emic perspective- assumes counseling approaches must be designed to be culturally specific

4. Difficulties in Multicultural Counseling Culturally encapsulated counselor- disregards cultural differences and works with everyone the same Overculturalization- mistaking people�s reactions to poverty and discrimination for their cultural pattern Acculturation- the process by which a group of people give up old ways and adopt new ones

5. Issues in Multicultural Counseling Dominance of theories based on European/North American cultural values Sensitivity to cultures in general Understanding how cultural systems operate and influence behaviors Providing effective counseling services across cultures

6. Guidelines for Effective Counseling Across Cultures Counselors recognize the values and beliefs they hold in regard to human behavior. Counselors are aware of the cultural and generic qualities of counseling theories and traditions. Counselors understand the sociopolitical environment that has influenced the lives of members of minority groups

7. Guidelines for Effective Counseling Across Cultures 4. Counselors are able to share the worldview of clients and do not question its legitimacy. 5. Counselors are truly eclectic in counseling practice.

8. Counseling European Americans Blended together Values linear, analytical, empirical and task solutions Individualism and autonomy Embrace counseling that stress common values, cognitive and cognitive-behavioral approaches work well

9. Counseling African Americans Need to understand history, cultural values Racism and discrimination Not able to commit, 50% cancel after first visit Counseling relationship not equal, sharing your business, collective power of group, spirituality

10. Counseling Hispanics/Latinos Vary in degree of Acculturation Cultural tradition (pride), cultural heritage (family), Religious tradition Language barriers, drop out rate Counselor needs to be directive, concrete and goal oriented, problem view as physical

11. Counseling Asian and Pacific Islanders Over 40 cultural groups Historically in America not accepted Model minority myth Religious traditions Family and group focus, Hierarchical Counselors provide solutions, active and directive, mental illness shameful and represents family failure, time limited and focused on problem

12. Counseling Native Americans 478 recognized tribes, 149 languages Values stress harmony with nature, cooperation, holism, concern with present and reliance on family Issues with self image, self determination, ancestral lands High suicide, unemployment, alcoholism Use Native American Acculturation Scale

13. Counseling Aged Populations 65 and older, by 2030, 21% of US population Receive 6% of mental health services Young old, 55-75 Old old, 75 and up Cope with death of friends and loved ones, reduced physical vigor, retirement, more leisure time, new social roles, dealing with grown children, changing living arrangements

14. Counseling Women Primary consumers of counseling services Relational beings, theories should match Highly empathic, warm, understanding, well developed person Increased information with Women studies and female psychology Counselors should know verbal, nonverbal, process and techniques

15. Counseling Men Men�s socialization Operate from cognitive perspective Self disclosure not acceptable Theories suggest to focus on emotion, cognitive behavioral techniques, interpersonal learning, explore family traditions

16. Counseling and Sexual Orientation Trouble from early age Discrimination and harassment Same problems as heterosexuals Issues coming out, religious practices, coping with AIDS, relationships, community organization, bereavement

17. Counseling and Spirituality Spirituality refers to unique, personally meaningful experience of a transcendent dimension that is associated with wholeness and wellness AA, 12 step programs Affirm spiritual views congruent with clients worldview, using language and treatment , creating rituals