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CHAPTER FOUR

CHAPTER FOUR. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. THE BODY’S TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. DELIVERS FOOD AND OXYGEN WITHOUT OXYGEN CELLS WOULD DIE THE BRAIN DIES FIRST. REMOVES WASTE THE BODY WOULD POISON ITSELF IF WASTE NOT REMOVED CARBON DIOXIDE IS THE WASTE PRODUCT OF MAKING ENERGY

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CHAPTER FOUR

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  1. CHAPTER FOUR

  2. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

  3. THE BODY’S TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM • DELIVERS FOOD AND OXYGEN • WITHOUT OXYGEN CELLS WOULD DIE • THE BRAIN DIES FIRST

  4. REMOVES WASTE • THE BODY WOULD POISON ITSELF IF WASTE NOT REMOVED • CARBON DIOXIDE IS THE WASTE PRODUCT OF MAKING ENERGY • TRANSPORTS CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

  5. DISEASE FIGHTING CELLS AND CHEMICALS ARE ALSO TRANSPORTED TO INVASION SITES • THE HEART IS THE POWER BEHIND THIS • THE BLOOD VESSELS WOULD WRAP AROUND THE EARTH MORE THAN TWICE

  6. CIRCULATION IN THE BODY

  7. BLOOD FLOWS FROM THE HEART TO THE LUNGS TO THE HEART TO THE BODY AND BACK TO THE HEART

  8. THE HEART ONLY RESTS BETWEEN BEATS

  9. ABOUT 5 LITERS OF BLOOD IS PUMPED THROUGH YOUR BODY EVERY MINUTE • THE HEART IS THE SIZE OF YOUR FIST AND IS LOCATED TO THE LEFT CENTER OF THE CHEST

  10. PACEMAKER • LOCATED IN THE UPPER RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART • A BUNDLE OF NERVES • REGULATES THE HEART’S RHYTHM OR PACE OF BEATING

  11. AN ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER MAY BE PLACED OUTSIDE OF THE BODY

  12. ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER

  13. THE HEART

  14. SEPTUM – SEPARATES THE RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES • ATRIUM – UPPER CHAMBERS • VENTRICLES – LOWER CHAMBERS

  15. RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART • BLOOD ENTERS THE ATRIUM • IT IS COLLECTED FROM THE BODY • IT IS DARK RED – LITTLE OXYGEN • BLOOD ENTERS THE VENTRICLE • IT FIRST PASSES THROUGH A VALVE • FROM HERE IT GOES TO THE LUNGS

  16. THE LUNGS • RED BLOOD CELLS DROP OFF CARBON DIOXIDE AND PICK UP OXYGEN • THE CARBON DIOXIDE IS IMMEDIATELY BREATHED OUT • BLOOD IS NOW BRIGHT RED • IT RETURNS TO THE HEART

  17. THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART • THE ATRUIM COLLECTS BLOOD RETURNING FROM THE LUNGS • THE BLOOD PASSES THROUGH A VALVE TO THE VENTRICLE • IT IS PUMPED THROUGHOUT THE BODY

  18. THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART WORKS SIX TIMES HARDER THAN THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART

  19. ARTERIES

  20. AORTA – THE MAIN BLOOD VESSEL THAT CARRIES BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART • SOME BRANCHES CARRY BLOOD TO THE REST OF THE BODY • SOME BRANCHES CARRY BLOOD TO THE HEART ITSELF

  21. IT IS THE LARGEST BLOOD VESSEL IN THE BODY

  22. DISECTION OF THE AORTA

  23. ARTERIES • INNER WALL – SMOOTH TO ALLOW BLOOD TO FLOW FREELY • ELASTIC MIDDLE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE – ALLOWS FLEXIBILITY AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION CONTROLS BLOOD FLOW

  24. OUTER – FLEXIBLE CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT ALLOWS THE ARTERY TO STRETCH AND RETURN TO NORMAL WITH EACH HEARTBEAT

  25. CAPILLARIES • EXTREMELY THIN WALLED • RED BLOOD CELLS PASS THROUGH SINGLE FILE • FOOD AND OXYGEN EXCHANGED FOR WASTE • OTHER MATERIALS MAY LEAVE AND ENTER AT THIS TIME

  26. CAPILLARY TRANSPORTING BLOOD

  27. VEINS • LARGER THAN CAPILLARIES BUT SMALLER THAN ARTERIES • CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART • THIN WALLS HAVE TINY ONE-WAY VALVES THAT KEEP THE BLOOD FROM FLOWING BACKWARD

  28. BLOOD • BLOOD IS A FLUID TISSUE • IT CONSISTS OF THREE TYPES OF PARTICLES – RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS, AND PLATELETS

  29. PLASMA • THE LIQUID PORTION OF BLOOD • 90% WATER • 10% SUGARS, FATS, SALTS, GASES, AND PLASMA PROTEINS

  30. FUNCTIONS • HELPS TO REGULATE THE AMOUNT OF WATER ENTERING OR LEAVING THE BLOOD • AIDS IN BLOOD CLOTTING

  31. TRANSPORTS ANTIBODIES – SPECIAL PROTEINS THAT HELP FIGHT OFF BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND FOREIGN SUBSTANCES • CARRIES DIGESTED FOOD, HORMONES, AND WASTE PRODUCTS

  32. RED BLOOD CELLS • MOST NUMEROUS CELLS IN THE BLOOD • ROUND WITH FLATTENED HATS AND THICKENED RIMS AND FLAT CENTERS • CENTERS ARE SO THIN THEY SEEM CLEAR • THINNESS ENABLES THEM TO BEND IN THE CENTER TO SQUEEZE THROUGH NARROW CAPILLARIES

  33. PRODUCED IN THE BONE MARROW • LIFE SPAN – 120 DAYS • YOUNG RED BLOOD CELLS HAVE A NUCLEUS • AS CELL MATURES, NUCLEUS GROWS SMALLER AND SMALLER UNTIL IT VANISHES

  34. SPLEEN • “CEMETARY” OF RED BLOOD CELLS • DAMAGED OR WORN OUT CELLS ARE BROKEN DOWN IN THE SPLEEN

  35. HEMOGLOBIN • IRON-CONTAINING PROTEIN IN BLOOD • BINDS WITH OXYGEN TO TRANSPORT IT THROUGHOUT THE BODY • THE BUILD-UP OF HEMOGLOBIN FORCES THE NUCLEUS OUT

  36. WHITE BLOOD CELLS • OUTNUMBERED 500 TO 1 BY RED BLOOD CELLS • LARGER THAN RED BLOOD CELLS • SOME LAST A FEW HOURS, MOST FOR MONTHS OR YEARS • DEVELOP IN BONE MARROW

  37. WHITE BLOOD CELL

  38. MAIN FUNCTION – PROTECT AGAINST ATTACK BY BACTERIA, VIRUSES, OR OTHER FOREIGN SUBSTANCES • AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

  39. ATTACK INVADERS • SURROUND AND DIGEST INVADERS • MAKE ANTIBODIES • MAKE SPECIAL CHEMICALS THAT HELP THE BODY FIGHT DISEASE

  40. PLATELETS • COLLECT AROUND A CUT • BURST APART WHEN THEY TOUCH THE ROUGH EDGES OF THE CUT

  41. CHEMICALS ARE RELEASED THAT CAUSE A CHAIN REACTION • FIBRIN – WEAVES TINY FIBERS ACROSS CUT IN BLOOD VESSELS • BLOOD AND PLASMA ARE TRAPPED • PLASMA HARDENS TO FORM A CLOT • SCAB

  42. THE PROCESS OF BLOOD CLOTTING

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