Chapter 15

1. Chapter 15 • The Muslim Empires 1450 - 1800

4. Section OneThe Ottoman Empire

6. Built power in the northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula Expanded westward into the Balkans Claimed the title of sultan and built a strong military Rise of the Ottoman Turks

8. Janissaries an elite military guard, converted to Islam and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to serve the sultan Elite military guard & mastery of firearms Rise of the Ottoman Turks

10. Expansion of the Empire • The Ottoman empire expanded into Western Asia, North Africa and additional lands in Europe

12. Mehmet II, leader of the Ottomans His forces laid siege to Constantinople May 29, 1453 the Ottoman’s breached the walls of the city Sacked the city for three days The Fall of Constantinople

13. Istanbul the new name for Constantinople Sultan Selim I leader to the Ottoman Turks between 1514 & 1517 Took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt & Arabia Western Asia & Africa

15. Jerusalem, Makkah & Madinah, holy cities of Islam Pashas, central government appointed officials who collected taxes, maintained law & order & were directly responsible to the Sultan’s court in Constantinople Western Asia & Africa

16. Europe • Ottomans conquest of Europe was stopped by the Hungarians at the Danube Valley • Turks were defeated in Vienna, Austria in 1529 • Ottoman fleet was destroyed by the Spanish at Lepanto in 1571

18. Europe • Conquered territories administered through local rulers

19. “gunpowder empire” conquerors who unified the regions largely based on its mastery of the technology of firearms Sultan, head of the Ottoman system, was the supreme authority in both a political and a military sense The Nature of Ottoman Rule

20. Harem, private domain of the sultan, “sacred place”, place were his wives resided grand vizier, a chief minister, led the meetings of the council The Nature of Ottoman Rule

21. Sunni Muslims Ottoman sultans had claimed the title of caliph Ulema, group of religious advisers that administered the legal system & schools for educating Muslims Religion in the Ottoman World

22. Islamic law and customs were applied to all Muslims in the empire Generally tolerant of non-Muslims Religion in the Ottoman World

23. Ottoman Society • Divided by occupation • Four main occupational groups • Peasants, artisans, merchants & pastoral peoples • Women subject to restrictions, but their position was somewhat better (inherit property, seek divorce)

24. Problems in the Ottoman Empire • Empire began to lose some of its territory • Sultans became less involved in government • Training of officials declined • Local officials grew corrupt & taxes rose

25. Problems in the Ottoman Empire • Constant wars depleted the imperial treasury • Corruption and palace intrigue grew • Exchange of Western & Ottoman ideas and customs

26. Flourishing production of pottery, rugs, silk & other textiles; jewelry & arms & armor Greatest contribution was in architecture Sinan, architect, built 81 mosques Modeled after Hagia Sophia Ottoman Art

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28. Flourishing of textiles & rugs Factories produced silks for walls hangings, sofa covers & court costumes Ottoman Art

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32. Section Two: The Rule of the Safavids

34. *Safavids lived in Persia into Central Asia *Ardent Shiite Muslims Sunnis & Shiites were the two major groups in the Islamic religion *Shah Ismail founder of the Safavid Dynasty Rise of the Safavid Dynasty

36. *Shah, king of the Persian state *Shah Ismail ordered the massacre of Sunni Muslims when he conquered Baghdad in 1508 Selim I, the Ottoman sultan defeated the Safavids at a major battle near Tabriz Rise of the Safavid Dynasty

37. Used the Shiite faith as a unifying force Shah claimed to be the spiritual leader of all Islam Capital moved from Tabriz to Isfahan Rise of the Safavid Dynasty

38. *Shah Abbas ruled the Safavids from 1588 to 1629 Strengthened his army Fought the Ottomans over lost land 1612, signed a peace treaty Glory & Decline

39. *Orthodoxy, traditional religious beliefs *Persian women played a major role in society, but also forced into seclusion. Glory & Decline

40. Afghan peoples invaded & seized the capital of Isfahan Turks took advantage of the situation to seize territories along the western border Persia sank into a long period of *anarchy (lawlessness and disorder) Glory & Decline

41. Political & Social Structures • Persia under the Safavids was a mixed society • *Safavids ruled, but a majority of the people were Persian • *Political system organized in the shape of a pyramid • *Government appointments based on merit rather than birth

43. The Role of the Shah • Safavid rulers were eagerly supported by Shiites, who believed that the founder of the empire (Shah Ismail) was a direct successor of the prophet Muhammad

44. Economy & Trade • Trade & manufacturing activity • Horse or camel caravans • Resting places for travelers & roads clear of thieves & bandits • Found trade with Europe difficult

45. Science, medicine & mathematics *Planned city with wide spaces and a sense of order Palaces, mosques & bazaars Safavid Culture

46. *Imaginative metalwork, elaborate tiles & delicate glass vessels *Silk weaving *Carpet weaving, Persian carpets Riza-I-Abbasi, Persian painter Safavid Culture

47. Shah Ismail Shah Abbas religious, political, and economic leader

48. Section Three: The Grandeur of the Moguls

50. Located on the Indian subcontinent *Hindu & Muslim kingdoms *Babur founder of the Mogul dynasty Forces used advanced weapons, including heavy artillery The Mogul Dynasty