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Introduction to Eukaryotic Cell Structures

Explore the basic structures and functions of eukaryotic cells, including cell membranes, nuclei, cytoplasm, and organelles. Learn about the importance of cellular organization and the role of the cell theory in understanding life.

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Introduction to Eukaryotic Cell Structures

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  1. Cellular Structure and Function Chapter 7 An introduction to Eukaryotic cells

  2. Objectives • Cell theory 7-1 • Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types • Identify cellular structures 7-2 • Define the function of each structure within the cell • Preview Cellular functions

  3. What is the cell theory? 7-1 • With the invention of the microscope scientists could see tiny little chambers, now called cells.

  4. What are the three parts to the cell theory? • All living things are composed of cells • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things • New cells are produced from living cells • Like cars: • All cars have engines • Engines are the structure and function of what makes the car go • New models are based on the old model e.g. model T  Taurus A Ford is a Ford! A cell is a cell!

  5. Basic Cell Structures • All cells have: • Cell membrane thin flexible barrier around the cell. • Function protect and support cell allowing interaction with their environment • Cell wallstrong supportive layer around the cell membrane. • Function support and protection for cell.

  6. Basic Cell Structures cont. • Some cells have a membrane bound nucleus contains all the cells genetic material (like a blue print) • Prokaryotes no membrane • Eukaryotes membrane • Cytoplasm liquid between cell membrane and nucleus.

  7. Are there different cell types? • YES!!!! There are two types: • Prokaryotic cells • Eukaryotic cells

  8. End of 7-1 • Cell video

  9. Cell structures 7-2 • Welcome to prokayotic and eukaryotic cells! • Hang on for the ride!

  10. Prokaryotic Cell structures You don’t need to know all this!

  11. Prokaryotic Cells • Features: • Size is 1-10 µm.). • Contains all basic cell structures • All bacteria are prokaryotes • E.g. E-coli • No membrane bound nucleus • Mostly Asexual reproduction • No mitochrondria • No cell division-budding or binary fission • Cytoplasm present w/ ribosomes and inclusion bodies protein syn. And carb., phosphate storage etc.

  12. Who has had to take antibiotics? • Did you feel better after 10 days? • Did your Dr. or Mom have you eat yogurt and cheese? • Why? • Antibiotics kills the good bacteria that live in your body • Yogurt and cheese replace the good bacteria!

  13. What does a prokaryotic cell look like? 3 shapes spirilla Cocci bacillus

  14. Eukaryotic cell structures You don’t need to know all this!

  15. Features of Eukaryotic Cells • Cell Wall to protect and support cell-plants • Plasma/cell membrane interacts with cells exterior environment and is the gateway for things entering/leaving the cell. • Animal cells don’t have wall plasma membrane • Plant cells do have wall cellulose **pg 174** • Size 10 - 100 µm.).

  16. PlasmaMembrane • This bilayer surrounds the cell and designates what enters and leaves the cell The plasma membrane is referred to as a Phospholipid bilayer,

  17. Plasma/Cell Membrane Function • The membrane is the gatekeeper to the cell • Embedded in the c. membrane are different types of proteins called protein receptors (you don’t need to know this) • They are specific in nature e.g. protein receptor for insulin • Two types integral and peripheral

  18. The Nucleus • Function store house for DNA and controls activities in the cell • You will find DNA: • Chromatin uncondensed and spread out through the nucleus • Chromosomes condensed chromatin into visible strands in preparation for cell division

  19. What’s the nucleus?

  20. Chromatin in nucleus Condensed chromatin = chromosomes

  21. What is the function of the Nucleolus? It’s the cell’s brain • Function produces ribosomes (RNA particles) used for protein synthesis. • How ribosomes move out of the nucleus to positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis. nucleolus

  22. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/nucleus.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/nucleus.htm

  23. Cytoskeleton • Cytoskeleton function: maintains cell shape and assists with cell movement-like your bones • Microtubules hollow tubes of protein used in cell division (centrioles), cilia and flagella • Microfilaments long thin fibers that function in cell movement and movement of organelles

  24. Cytoskeleton Provides structure for the cell

  25. Cytoplasm • Consists of primarily of water • Contains various organelles as well as salts, dissolved gasses and nutrients. • Fluid that fills the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus • It’s kind of gooey!

  26. What’s next???!! • ER… • Two types of endoplasmic reticulum • Rough synthesizes proteins for transport within the cell. • These proteins (cars) are transported to the Golgi Apparatus • Smooth synthesizes lipids and phospholipids, modifies proteins further

  27. Rough ER • FunctionActs as a conveyer belt, transporting ribosomes from the nucleus into the cytoplasm • cell including protein synthesis • production of steroids • storage and production of glycogen and insertion of membrane proteins.

  28. Smooth ER • Function synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, fatty acids, steroids and calcium storage • Once these items are produced they are sent to the Golgi Apparatus-the cell’s UPS center…

  29. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/endo.htm

  30. Golgi Apparatus/UPS packaging center • Function modification, packaging and storage of proteins from ER. • Vesicles pinch off and fuse with sacs forming a “golgi complex” • These can be packaged products being shipped out of the cell (secreted) or • Enzymes in Golgi Ap. Attach carbs. and lipids to proteins • Packages full of digestive enzymes…

  31. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/golgi.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/golgi.htm

  32. Check for clarity-manufacturing plant

  33. Check for clarity…

  34. Lysosomes • Function demolition and clean up team!!! • Loysosomes: • vesicles released by the golgi ap. that are full of enzymes that break down carbs. Lipids and proteins for recycling • Digest bacteria engulfed by cell • Digest/destroy worn out or diseased cells • Enzymes so powerful they will destroy the cell that made them if membrane is defective.

  35. Mitochondria • The powerhouse for the cell • Contain some of their own DNA • Maternally inherited (comes from egg cell) • Some evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendents of prokaryotic cells • Formed a symbiotic relationship!

  36. ATP produced in the mitochondria to give the cells energy

  37. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/mito.htm

  38. Are we done yet??!! • No! This is easy and review for you… • Chloroplasts use sunlight to make sugar/starch (food) known as….. • Photosynthesis!!!!

  39. One more structure… • Vacuoles in plants and animal cells, always in plant and very large. • Functions: • Storage of water, salts, proteins and carbs. • Provides support for heavy structures like flowers • What is it we can’t digest?

  40. Yes, we’re done!

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