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Chapter 6: Learning

Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning. Ivan Pavlov A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response. How his theory began. Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus. Classical Conditioning. Terminology Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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Chapter 6: Learning

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  1. Chapter 6: Learning

  2. Classical Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response. • How his theory began

  3. Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus

  4. Classical Conditioning • Terminology • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • Unconditioned Response (UCR) • Conditioned Response (CR)

  5. Classical Conditioning

  6. Classical Conditioning Pair NS UCS CS CR UCR

  7. Figure 6.2 The sequence of events in classical conditioning

  8. Figure 6.3 Classical conditioning of a fear response

  9. Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning • Acquisition • Learning a response tendency • Extinction • Weakening of a response tendency • Spontaneous recovery • An extinguished response reappears

  10. Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning • Stimulus generalization • Conditioning generalizes to similar stimuli • Stimulus discrimination • Response occurs only for a specific stimulus • Higher-order conditioning • CS serves as a UCS for new conditioning

  11. Figure 6.8 Higher-order conditioning

  12. Operant Conditioning • B.F. Skinner (1953) • Consequences of a behavior determine if the behavior will continue. • “Skinner box” • Shaping

  13. Figure 6.9 Reinforcement in operant conditioning

  14. Figure 6.10 Skinner box and cumulative recorder

  15. Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning • Acquisition • Shaping • Extinction

  16. Reinforcement:Consequences that Strengthen Responses • Primary Reinforcers • Satisfy biological needs • Secondary Reinforcers • Conditioned reinforcement

  17. Consequences:Reinforcement and Punishment • Increasing a response: • Positive reinforcement = • Presentation of something pleasant • Negative reinforcement = • Removal of something unpleasant • Escape learning • Avoidance learning • Decreasing a response: • Punishment • Problems with punishment

  18. Consequences:Reinforcement and Punishment • Increasing a response: • Positive reinforcement = • Presentation of something pleasant • Negative reinforcement = • Removal of something unpleasant • Escape learning • Avoidance learning

  19. Consequences:Reinforcement and Punishment • Decreasing a response: • Punishment • Presentation of something unpleasant • Removal of something pleasant • Problems with punishment

  20. Figure 6.14 Positive reinforcement versus negative reinforcement

  21. Figure 6.15 Escape and avoidance learning

  22. Figure 6.16 Comparison of negative reinforcement and punishment

  23. Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous reinforcement • Intermittent (partial) reinforcement • Ratio schedules • Fixed • Variable • Interval schedules • Fixed • Variable

  24. Figure 6.13 Schedules of reinforcement and patterns of response

  25. Changing Directions in the Studyof Conditioning • Biological Constraints on Conditioning • Instinctive Drift • Conditioned Taste Aversion • Arbitrary vs. ecological conditioned stimuli • Cognitive Influences on Conditioning • Latent learning • Signal relations • Response-outcome relations

  26. Figure 6.19 Latent learning

  27. Observational Learning • Albert Bandura • Observational learning • Basic processes • attention • retention • reproduction • motivation

  28. Figure 6.20 Observational learning

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