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Younger stratum with more recent fossils

Younger stratum with more recent fossils. Older stratum with older fossils. Darwin in 1840, after his return from the voyage. HMS Beagle at sea. Great Britain. EUROPE. NORTH AMERICA. ATLANTIC OCEAN. The Galápagos Islands. AFRICA. PACIFIC OCEAN. Pinta. Genovesa.

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Younger stratum with more recent fossils

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  1. Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils

  2. Darwin in 1840, after his return from the voyage HMS Beagle at sea Great Britain EUROPE NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN The Galápagos Islands AFRICA PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Genovesa Equator Malay Archipelago SOUTH AMERICA Marchena Equator PACIFIC OCEAN Santiago Daphne Islands Brazil Chile AUSTRALIA Pinzón Fernandina Andes Mtns. PACIFIC OCEAN Isabela Santa Cruz Santa Fe San Cristobal Argentina Cape of Good Hope Tasmania 0 40 20 Florenza Española Cape Horn New Zealand Kilometers

  3. (a) Cactus-eater (c) Insect-eater (b) Seed-eater

  4. † Moeritherium † Barytherium † Deinotherium † Mammut † Platybelodon † Stegodon † Mammuthus Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) Elephas maximus (Asia) Loxodonta africana (Africa) Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) 24 5.5 2 60 34 104 0 Years ago Millions of years ago

  5. Cabbage Selection for apical (tip) bud Brussels sprouts Broccoli Selection for axillary (side) buds Selection for flowers and stems Selection for stems Selection for leaves Kale Kohlrabi Wild mustard

  6. Spore cloud

  7. (b) A leaf mantid in Borneo (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia

  8. Results Field Study Beak 10 On native species, balloon vine (southern Florida) 8 6 4 2 0 Museum-specimen average Number of individuals 10 On introduced species, goldenrain tree (central Florida) 8 Soapberry bug with beak inserted in balloon vine fruit 6 4 2 0 6 9 7 8 10 11 Beak length (mm)

  9. 1 2,750,000 250,000 base pairs 400 2,500,000 350 Chromosome map of S. aureus clone USA300 300 500,000 250 Key to adaptations 2,250,000 Annual hospital admissions with MRSA (thousands) 200 Methicillin resistance Ability to colonize hosts 150 750,000 Increased disease severity 100 Increased gene exchange (within species) and toxin production 2,000,000 50 0 1,000,000 ’94 ’95 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’01 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’93 ’96 ’00 ’02 Year 1,750,000 1,250,000 1,500,000

  10. Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Cat Whale Bat

  11. Pharyngeal arches Post-anal tail Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo

  12. NORTHAMERICA Sugar glider AUSTRALIA Flying squirrel

  13. Cetaceans and even-toes ungulates Most mammals (a) Canis (dog) (c) Sus (pig) (b) Pakicetus (d) Odocoileus (deer)

  14. † Pakicetus † Rodhocetus † Dorudon Other even-toed ungulates Hippopotamuses Common ancestor of cetaceans Living cetaceans 60 30 50 20 10 70 40 0 Key Pelvis Tibia Millions of years ago Femur Foot

  15. Observations Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Inferences Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. and Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population.

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