WORLD WAR II AND THE HOMEFRONT

1. WORLD WAR II AND THE HOMEFRONT

2. TOTAL WAR • Total war involved an interrelationship between: • 1) nation’s economy • 2) technology • 3) mobilization of civilian population • Degrees of commitment & output = a nation’s chance for victory • Aggressors have early edge b/c of prep time

3. Joseph Goebbels

4. GERMANY • Hitler had industry concentrate on consumer goods to keep morale up • Goebbels mobilized press, radio & film to gain support for war • Early successes brought civilian confidence up • Doubt & fear return b/c: • 1) failure to knock Britain out of war • 2) invasion of USSR & setback at Moscow • 3) more wounded soldiers on streets at home

5. Albert Speer Fritz Todt

6. GERMANY • 4) Stalingrad defeat • 5) Allied bombing raids • War economy leaders: • 1) Fritz Todt – 1940-42 • 2) Albert Speer – 1942-45 • 1943 – German economy on full wartime level; too late? • Food shortages solved by exploiting countries under their control

7. GERMANY • Shortage of men = labor problems; solved by: • 1) foreign slave (use of fear) • 2) women • Hitler belief for women: “children, church & kitchen,” but by 1943, women 17-45 register for compulsory labor

8. BRITAIN • Pre-1940: • 1) wanted war w/ limited liability – naval blockade, French Army & Maginot Line • 2) economy dominated by consumer goods • 3) no stockpile of food & raw materials (phony war?) • Brit gov’t focused on: • 1) air defenses • 2) evacuations

9. BRITAIN • Post-1940 changes: • 1) formation of war cabinet • 2) increase of aircraft production • 3) all economy comes under gov’t control • 4) men 18-50 to armed forces or industrial service • 5) Women 19-45 for war work • 500K women in auxiliary military roles

10. BRITAIN • Reasons for “happy” workplace: • 1) end of unemployment • 2) overtime pay • 3) price controls • 4) better standard of living • 5) patriotism • Reciprocal Aid Agreement – “reverse lend-lease”; aid to US forces in Brit. = $6B

11. BRITAIN • Wartime in Brit. = shortages, rationing, long lines for few goods, air raid shelters • US troops in Brit. – “Americans are overpaid, oversexed, and over here”; 70K Brit. women become US war brides • US reply: “the British are underpaid, undersexed and under Eisenhower” • All political parties involved in war effort & directing country = non-partisan support

12. USSR • Major (Stalin responsible) problems: • 1) disregard for human life • 2) refusal to heed war warnings • 3) keeping troops close to border (POWs) • 4) no evacuation or surrenders allowed • 5) no movement of industry to interior until later; much fell to early Germ. advances • 6) lack of coordination b/t Stalin & war cabinet

13. USSR • Labor shortage reasons: • 1) many skilled workers to army • 2) military losses required replacements • 3) factory workers trapped in enemy-occupied areas • 4) unskilled replacement workers = less quality & efficiency • 5) teenage boys, 50+ men, & women fill in • By 1944 – women = 75% of farm workers & 60% of industry

14. USSR • 1M women in military – both combat & non-combat positions • Political and criminal prisoners worked as slave laborers • Food shortage – scorched earth policy & best land overtaken early by Germany • Food restricted (by rationing) to people involved in war effort • Stalin appeals to patriotism - Great Patriotic War – “save Holy Mother Russia”

15. USSR • Crusade vs. Germ. – fate awaiting Russians if Germany wins the war united the civilian population • Churches allowed to reopen – rallied citizens to war effort & rekindled religious revival • Stalin blames gov’t for early losses & takes credit for final victories • POWs (captured by Germ.) treated as traitors after returning home

16. JAPAN • Propaganda glorifies early victories and censorship ignores or distorts defeats • Japan at a disadvantage: • 1) population ½ of US • 2) industrial potential of 1/7th of US • 3) US had 78 X as many raw materials • 4) Japan still had small plot agriculture • Death blows to economy – fire bombing & US sub strangulation of supply line to SE Asia

17. JAPAN • Army & Navy feud led to total lack of coordination • 1) individual industrial needs filled w/o consideration of war effort • 2) bickering over design & production of planes led to a 1943 amt. 1/5th of potential • 3) army controls 85% of oil supply; navy has critical shortage, while army has surplus

18. JAPAN • Labor shortage filled by students, Korean & Chinese slaves, POWs • Women (only job was “producing & caring for children”) finally go to work in 1943 • Food production decline: • 1) women, old men, boys & girls replace draftees • 2) imports decline b/c sub attacks (especially rice) • 3) fish scarce with fishermen in service & US sub threat

19. Henry Kaiser “Sir Launchalot”

20. John W. Brown – WW2 Liberty Ship

21. Henry Ford’s Willow Run B-24 Bomber Plant, Michigan

22. USA • Auto plants converted to make trucks, jeeps, tanks, aircraft • Shipyards turn out large numbers of warships & merchant ships • Henry Kaiser – “Sir Launchalot” – used assembly line techniques to speed up production of Liberty ships • 1942 – US production = Axis production, 1943 = 1.5 X Axis, 1944 = 2 X Axis • Food production increases take care of US and Allied needs

23. USA • Labor shortage solutions: • 1) Great Migration (the 2nd) – blacks from South to North & West • The threat of a March on Washington addresses discrimination in defense industries • 2) 2M women in defense industries • 3) US kept skilled workers in ship production jobs • Paying for the war ($300B): • 1)increase income & war profits taxes

25. Esther Williams’ square at Sid Grauman’s Chinese Theater

26. USA • 2) placed excise taxes on luxuries • 3) war bond drives cover 60% of costs • Minorities in the service: • 1) 2 Black infantry divisions served in Pacific & Italy • 2) Tuskegee Airmen in Italy • 3) Navajo Indians (code talkers) in Pacific • 4) Japanese Nisei in Italy • 5) women in WAC, WAVES, WAAF

27. Tuskegee Airmen

28. NAMES OF AIRPLANES PLANES WO-TAH-DE-NE-IH AIR FORCE DIVE BOMBER GINI CHICKEN HAWK TORPEDO PLANE TAS-CHIZZIE SWALLOW OBS. PLANE NE-AS-JAH OWL FIGHTER DA-HE-TIH-HI HUMMING BIRD BOMBER JAY-SHO BUZZARD PATROL PLANE GA-GIH CROW TRANSPORT ATSAH EAGLE

29. NAMES OF SHIPS SHIPS TOH-DINEH-IH SEA FORCE BATTLESHIP LO-TSO WHALE CARRIER TSIDI-MOFFA-YE-HI BIRD CARRIER SUBMARINE BESH-LO IRON FISH MINE SWEEPER CHA BEAVER DESTROYER CA-LO SHARK TRANSPORT DINEH-NAY-YE-HI MAN CARRIER CRUISER LO-TSO-YAZZIE SMALL WHALE PT BOAT TSE-E MOSQUITO

30. 442nd Regimental Combat Team in Italy

31. USA • War-related government agencies: • War Production Board – allocated resources & regulated production; involved in rationing • Office of Economic Stabilization – controlled wages, rents, prices, profits • Office of War Mobilization – power over entire home front

32. USA • National War Labor Board – solved labor-management problems • OSRD – Office of Scientific Research and Development – scientists in the war effort • upgrades in radar, sonar, DDT, penicillin, & atomic bomb

33. INTERNMENT CAMPS • Executive Order 9066 – created exclusion zones on West coast • 120K moved to relocation camps • Korematsu v. US – protection against espionage more important than civil rights • Jan. 2, 1945 - Exclusion order rescinded; internees given $25 and train ticket home • JACL – gets: $25K, apology from US, funds for education foundation for J-A children

37. MANHATTAN PROJECT • J. Robert Oppenheimer – head of the scientists at Los Alamos, New Mexico • Leslie Groves – military leader in charge • 7/16/1945 - Trinity Test – Alamogordo, N.M.; 20 KT TNT explosion w/ plutonium • 2 bombs developed – 1) Uranium-235 (Hiroshima) 2) plutonium (Nagasaki)

38. J. Robert Oppenheimer Leslie Groves

39. 100 ft. tower built to hold the test bomb “The Gadget” In position at top of the tower

40. The last color photograph of the explosion in New Mexico

41. Ground zero after explosion

42. Oppenheimer and Groves inspecting the explosion site

43. Hiroshima bomb Nagasaki bomb